Becoming Plant

Abstract

"So that a Plant is, as it were, an Animal in Quires; as an Animal is a Plant, or rather several Plants bound up into one Volume."

Packed into this short sentence -- from the dedicatory preface to Nehemiah Grew's Anatomy of Plants (London, 1682), the first botanical text to identify sexual reproduction in plants using microscopy -- is a theory of plants and animals as media circuits, both bound together and blocked by the book as a tool for disseminating scientific observations. Drawing on Leibniz's contemporaneous work on monads, vitalism and preformationism, as well as Deleuze and Guattari's notion of "becoming," this paper investigates how Grew's text and its accompanying microscopist plates (helped to) transform plants from living, signifying participants in the book of nature to objects of scientific inquiry, mediated through print.

The digital portion of this project takes up the metaphor of magnification to explore Grew's text alongside other seventeenth-century works of microscopy, such as Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665). Rather than reduce their significance to a series of now-prescient scientific truths, the digital invites us to recover the experimental (in all senses of the word) nature of these early works. For instance: what does Hooke's famous flea -- a plate that pops out of the page, inspiring Margaret Cavendish to dismiss it as a "lobster" -- have in common with Kafka's man-sized bug? When does the book's quired form metamorphose into Grew's blown-up plant plates, constructing new worlds -- new book-based morphologies -- in subvisible matter? And what can historical resemblance tell us about our own curious media ecology? For if medieval tropes such as the arbor inversa (the human as an inverted tree) or the screaming mandrake visualize a world teeming with plant-animal resemblances, the early microscope distances the human animal's eye from the dead, dissected plant tissue it observes, much as the screen both flattens and reanimates textual interaction. This digital wunderkammer seeks to revitalize these lost surface effects.

Working Bibliography

Bacon, Sylva. (see William Rawley, ed., preface -- "an Indigested Heap of Pariticulars"; cited on 56, Smith 2009

Barker, Miles. "Putting Thought in Accordance with Things: The Demise of Anaimal-based Analogies for Plant Functions." Science & Education 11: 293–304

de Bury, Richard. See Petroski 1999

Fournier, Marian. The Fabric of Life: Microscopy in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

Garrett, Brian. "Vitalism and Teleology in the Natural Philosophy of Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712)." BJHS 36.1 (March 2003): 63-81.

Harkness Deborah. The Jewel House.

Jonson, Ben. The Forrest.

LeFanu, W. Nehemiah Grew M.D., F.R.S.: A Study and Bibliography of His Writings. Winchester: Wt. Paul's Bibliographies, 1990.

Maplet, John. A Greene Forest, or a Naturall Historie. (1567) (see Smith 2009, 56)

McColley, Diane Kelsey. Poetry and Ecology in the Age of Milton and Marvell. Burlington: Ashgate, 2007.

Nicolson, Marjorie. Science and Imagination. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956.

Pavord, Anna. The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants. London: Bloomsbury, 2005.

Webster, Charles. "The Recognition of Plant Sensitivity by English Botanists in the Seventeenth Century." Isis 57.1 (Spring 1966): 5-23.

Wilson, Catherine. "Visual Surface and Visual Symbol: The Microscope and the Occult in Early Modern Science." Journal of the History of Ideas 49.1 (Jan-Mar 1988): 85-108.

Wilson, Catherine. The Invisible World: Early Modern Philosophy and the Invention of the Microscope. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

[1]

Notes

Barnacle tree

Giraldus Cambrensis.

British Library, Harley MS 4751, Folio 36r (1230-1240) [2]

John Mandeville. The Travels of John Mandeville. [3]

"For I told them that in our country were trees that bear a fruit that become birds flying, and those that fell in the water live, and they that fall on the earth die anon, and they be right good to man's meat. And hereof had they as great marvel, that some of them trowed it were an impossible thing to be."

possible illustrations: [4]

Ulisse Aldrovandi. [5]

Conrad Lycosthenes. Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon, quæ præter naturæ ordinem, motum, et operationem, et in superioribus & his inferioribus mundi regionibus, ab exordio mundi usque ad hæc nostra tempora, acciderunt... (1557) [6]

Sebastian Munster. Cosmographia. (1552) [7]

William Turner. The first and seconde partes of the herbal. (1568) [8]

John Gerard. The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes. (1597) [9] [10]

Henry Lee. Sea Fables Explained. (1883) [11] [12]

Constance Frederica Gordon-Cumming. In the Hebrides. (1883) [13]

Phil Robinson. Fishes of Fancy. (1883) [14]

John Ashton. Curious Creatures in Zoology. (1890) [15]

American Poultry Journal, Vol. 39. (1908) [16]

Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. The Old English Herbals. (1922) [17]

"There are here many birds which are called Bernacae which nature produces in a manner contrary to nature and very wonderful. They are like marsh geese but smaller. They are produced from fir-timber tossed about at sea and are at first like geese upon it. Afterwards they hang down by their beaks as if from a sea-weed attached to the wood and are enclosed in shells that they may grow the more freely. Having thus in course of time been clothed with a strong covering of feathers they either fall into the water or seek their liberty in the air by flight. The embryo geese derive their growth and nutriment from the moisture of the wood or of the sea, in a secret and most marvellous manner. I have seen with my own eyes more than a thousand minute bodies of these birds hanging from one piece of timber on the shore enclosed in shells and already formed ... in no corner of the world have they been known to build a nest. Hence the bishops and clergy in some parts of Ireland are in the habit of partaking of these birds on fast days without scruple. But in doing so they are led into sin. For if anyone were to eat the leg of our first parent, although he (Adam) was not born of flesh, that person could not be adjudged innocent of eating flesh." (110) -- quote of Cambrensis

James Joyce. Ulysses. (1922) [18]

"Bag of corpsegas sopping in foul brine. A quiver of minnows, fat of a spongy tidbit, flash through the slits of his buttoned trouserfly. God becomes man becomes fish becomes barnacle goose becomes featherbed mountain."

Robert Graves. The White Goddess. (1948)

General: [19]; "also described by Olaus Magnus, Gerat de Veer, Aldrovandus, and Gesner"; "A tree with similar attributes was thought to grow in guadeloupe but called the 'oyster tree' according to Bishop Fleetwood.;" [20]

Lamb cabbage

John Mandeville. Travels of John Mandeville. [21]

"And there groweth a manner of fruit, as though it were gourds. And when they be ripe, men cut them a-two, and men find within a little beast, in flesh, in bone, and blood, as though it were a little lamb without wool. And men eat both the fruit and the beast. And that is a great marvel. Of that fruit I have eaten, although it were wonderful, but that I know well that God is marvellous in his works."

Athanasius Kircher. Magnes Sive De Arte Magnetica. (1643) [22]

General: [23], [24]; "In 1725, a German doctor named Breyn communicated with the Royal Society on the subject of the "Vegetable Lamb," emphatically stating the story to be nothing more or less than a myth or fable."

Scrapbook

"surface effect" -- see Wilson [25] Wilson 1995 on microscope removing privilege of surface -- we only see surface, scenery, not hidden machinery behind it; also Deleuze, "Paradox of Surface Effects" [26] Deleuze 1990

affective history

metaphor of "COMPENDIUM", folding up of plants

Leibniz, Monadologie -- example of blowing up something, the way one would with a microscope, to see its operation -- these mechanisms never explain the being's consciousness/perception; also see 64, on divine technologies as being composed of machines ad infinitum

"Each portion of matter can be conceived as like a garden full of plants, or like a pond full of fish. But each branch of a plant, each organ of an animal, each drop of its bodily fluids is also a similar garden or a similar pond." (67)

"And although the earth and the air separating the plants in the garden, or the water separating the fish in the pond, are neither plant nor fish, yet they still contain them — though they are usually far too small for us to be able to perceive them." (68)

see Bennett 2010 on vitalism, around 78; Dreisch's entelechy is an "intensive manifold"; Bergson's elan vital is "in the form of a sheaf" (see pg 78)

"The Gathered Text" conference: [27]

Thomas Sprat -- bishop of Church of England, historian of the Royal Society; but had a Reformation: "both have taken a like course to bring this about; each of them passing by the corrupt ccopies and referring themselves to the perfect originals for instruction; the one to Scripture, the other to the huge Volume of Creatures." (Sprat 1667 III.23, qtd in Eisenstein 668, Olson 1994 58)

Halliday traces grammatical style that condenses multiple ideas into a complex technical discourse to c17 science; turning verbs, actions, into objects through written language (Olson 1994 118)

see Eisenstein 1983, 187-8; medieval florilegia, gathering of spiritual flowers in a spiritual garden transformed by Thomas Browne's notion of "suck[ing] Divinity from the flower of Nature"; "the seventeenth-century writer appears to be rejecting rather than echoing the literary allegorical conventions which had been cultivated by generations of monks." (188)

Harpold 2009 -- Bush envisions Memex as gathering together a new book; question of interiority of book's gatherings vs. exteriority of trails leading outward, back into the world (36/1.41)

also Harpold 2009 61/2.37: plant structure -- slicing into stems -- slicing into language (Saussure, Lacan) -- Nelson's TextFace

see Johns 1998, 487, on Grew's catalogue for the Royal Society

see Johns 2009, 81; Grew, A Discourse made before the Royal Society ... concerning the nature, causes, and power of mixture (1675); also 88, Grew and piracy of his salts -- see footnotes for readings

Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1.547-551: "The earth spontaneously generated / the varied forms of other animals / after the standing water had been warmed / by the sun's rays; for then the sodden marshes swelled up with heat, and fecund seeds of life / grew in that soil as in a mother's womb, / and from its richness took distinctive forms"

History of Botanical Illustration exhibit [28]