Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013): Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
pentimento: an alteration that's been rubbed out (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento) | pentimento: an alteration that's been rubbed out (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento) | ||
difference between litho and intaglio: you can find hairs where ink is wicked in intaglio under high magnification | |||
=== Hand-press period === | === Hand-press period === | ||
Line 102: | Line 104: | ||
game of collecting Italian Renaissance prints was over by the end of the 18c -- very rare | game of collecting Italian Renaissance prints was over by the end of the 18c -- very rare | ||
copper was very expensive in handpress period | |||
chalcography -- John Evelyn term for copperplate engraving | |||
Chalgographic Museum | |||
==== Etchings ==== | ==== Etchings ==== | ||
Line 107: | Line 115: | ||
pure etching virtually unknown in handpress period | pure etching virtually unknown in handpress period | ||
speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day | speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day engraved; with etchings, a simple 7x10" plate could be done in ~1hour | ||
engraving gives you a better line; etching, the acid eats out a globe under the surface, which causes it to cave in and deteriorate faster | |||
easier to start with an etched line, then go over lines so the etching doesn't show; this was very common in all periods (almost all engravings have some etching on them) | |||
Ivins claims engravings (the term) should be used for sculptural framing prints; etchings is for prints in books or generally smaller, more ephemeral | |||
Etchings on an ungrounded plate | Etchings on an ungrounded plate | ||
Line 114: | Line 128: | ||
line engravings are opposed to mezzotints, stipple engravings and aquatints, which are all tonal engravings | line engravings are opposed to mezzotints, stipple engravings and aquatints, which are all tonal engravings | ||
steel-faced copper plates show up in 1870s, can get many more impressions | |||
copperplate engraving after 1880 was for able to be done for a mass market (because of steel face), but it was too late -- photographic methods were becoming available | |||
==== Mezzotints ==== | ==== Mezzotints ==== | ||
Line 124: | Line 142: | ||
==== Stipple engravings ==== | ==== Stipple engravings ==== | ||
done through a ground; never done directly to the plate | |||
shows up at the end of 18c, disappears with litho | |||
can be hard to distinguish from chal manner litho | |||
==== Aquatints ==== | ==== Aquatints ==== | ||
Line 130: | Line 154: | ||
painting the ground onto the plate; can do multiple bites with the acid to get a "terraced" visual effect (patches of uniform darkness, patches of uniform medium gray, etc.; see pg 21) | painting the ground onto the plate; can do multiple bites with the acid to get a "terraced" visual effect (patches of uniform darkness, patches of uniform medium gray, etc.; see pg 21) | ||
no color aquatints; only hand-colored | |||
aquatint often used to give differentiation in print destined for hand-colored tone; can use only a few colors to get many colors because of aquatint shading effects | |||
=== C19 === | === C19 === | ||
==== Steel engravings ==== | |||
magazines needed many plates to reproduce; would # different copies at the bottom | |||
doctor blade, could force ink into small, very thin lines | |||
can produce lines so thin they aren't visible to the naked eye | |||
takes 10x longer, but you get 100x as many copies (up to 100k) | |||
ruling machine; could make many even lines quickly, of different thicknesses; enabled heavy use of line shading in steel engravings | |||
steel engraving with no plate mark in a book means that a big plate was laid out in a sheet, then printed before the letterpress; so the sheet went through a press 4x (2x on each side) | |||
==== Mezzotints on steel ==== | |||
=== Photographically assisted === | === Photographically assisted === | ||
==== Line photogravures ==== | |||
==== Aquatint photogravures ==== | |||
==== Gravure printing ==== |
Revision as of 00:38, 24 July 2013
Illustration Processes to 1900 (I-20), Rare Book School, taught by Terry Belanger, 22-27 July 2013
first thing to ask: date? is it printed on both sides? is the caption letterpress or freeform?
sock impression: on damp paper; kiss impression: on dry paper
letter press -- ~200 sq in of printing space, about 200lb of pressure, so ~1lb per sq in (not much at all)
Relief
can't tell if a relief print is printed from wood or from metal (eletrotype)
if sheet is printed on both sides, 90% certain it's relief
don't get large areas of dead black in intaglio the way you do with relief
Hand press period
Woodcuts
fast to print (about 100x faster to print than intaglio)
don't wear out
ink is such in, so you can stack sheets while wet
done on plank side of wood
occasionally find pen corrections, since labor was cheap and materials were expensive (reverse of today)
C19
Wood engravings
done on endgrain, which is much harder; you an use a burin
advantage over intaglio: can be printed with the text
Civil War Artist by Taylor Morrison, good description of process of making a wood engraving
bolted together smaller pieces of boxwood to make large enough image
Bewick manner -- popularized wood engraving
- vignette: no edges -- not rectangle or oval
- Bewick known for his vignetes; see pg 13 in workbook for a passage from Jane Eyre that mentions Bewick
- many imitators
- large Bewick block collection at the Newberry
- Bewick manner uses white lines when you can, since it's easier
Facsimile -- copy what an artist gives you
Interpretive -- interpret what an artist gives you
White-line
Stereotype/electrotypes
stereotype begins around 1810; eletrotypes in 1840s
copper-faced woodblock made from original wood engraving; can't tell the different between a printing done from copper face or from original woodblock
plaster in wood engraving means its a stereotype
Wax engraving
Photographically assisted processes
Photoxylograph
Process relief line engraving
Process false halftones
Process relief halftones
C20
C20 developments
Scraperboard
Intaglio
if there are flowing lines, it's intaglio
offsetting tells you two plates were in the same place at the same time long enough to offset, but doesn't necessarily indicate from the same shop
pentimento: an alteration that's been rubbed out (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento)
difference between litho and intaglio: you can find hairs where ink is wicked in intaglio under high magnification
Hand-press period
Copper engravings
can only do about ~100 impressions, not enough for a book run; by 19C, could get ~1500 copies from copper by beating it first to make it stronger
under pressure of rolling press, lines of copperplate squash together
- refurbishers could touch them up; were paid by the hour (unusual for book trade, because it was such skilled labor)
at about 1000 impressions, it's cheaper to duplicate the plate
Pallaioulo -- Battle of the Nudes (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nudes_(engraving))
game of collecting Italian Renaissance prints was over by the end of the 18c -- very rare
copper was very expensive in handpress period
chalcography -- John Evelyn term for copperplate engraving
Chalgographic Museum
Etchings
pure etching virtually unknown in handpress period
speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day engraved; with etchings, a simple 7x10" plate could be done in ~1hour
engraving gives you a better line; etching, the acid eats out a globe under the surface, which causes it to cave in and deteriorate faster
easier to start with an etched line, then go over lines so the etching doesn't show; this was very common in all periods (almost all engravings have some etching on them)
Ivins claims engravings (the term) should be used for sculptural framing prints; etchings is for prints in books or generally smaller, more ephemeral
Etchings on an ungrounded plate
Line engravings
line engravings are opposed to mezzotints, stipple engravings and aquatints, which are all tonal engravings
steel-faced copper plates show up in 1870s, can get many more impressions
copperplate engraving after 1880 was for able to be done for a mass market (because of steel face), but it was too late -- photographic methods were becoming available
Mezzotints
can only get ~200 from a plate; not used in books but as framing prints, because rubbing destroys them easily
Prince Rupert is fabled to have invented it (in John Evelyn's Sculptura, or the History of Chalcography), though Siegen did
first known is a large plate of an executioner; it made its way to England as the "Little executioner" (smaller image just of executioner's haed), which is in Evelyn's book -- famous image
Stipple engravings
done through a ground; never done directly to the plate
shows up at the end of 18c, disappears with litho
can be hard to distinguish from chal manner litho
Aquatints
white islands surrounded by black sea indicates aquatint
painting the ground onto the plate; can do multiple bites with the acid to get a "terraced" visual effect (patches of uniform darkness, patches of uniform medium gray, etc.; see pg 21)
no color aquatints; only hand-colored
aquatint often used to give differentiation in print destined for hand-colored tone; can use only a few colors to get many colors because of aquatint shading effects
C19
Steel engravings
magazines needed many plates to reproduce; would # different copies at the bottom
doctor blade, could force ink into small, very thin lines
can produce lines so thin they aren't visible to the naked eye
takes 10x longer, but you get 100x as many copies (up to 100k)
ruling machine; could make many even lines quickly, of different thicknesses; enabled heavy use of line shading in steel engravings
steel engraving with no plate mark in a book means that a big plate was laid out in a sheet, then printed before the letterpress; so the sheet went through a press 4x (2x on each side)