Fournier 1996

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Fournier, Marian. The Fabric of Life: Microscopy in the Seventeenth Century. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

early 1660s, Hooke anticipated the microscope would discover nature's hidden secrets; by 1690s, microscopy had been abandoned by all but Leeuwenhock and a few amateurs, who continued investigating well into the c18 but whose "discoveries" did not contribute significantly to scientific innovation (6-7)

  • principle investigators during this period: Hooke, Malpighi, swammerdam, Grew, and Leeuwenhoek

pre-1660, only one basic design for microscope used, which had been around ~50 years; post-1660, many different designs found in contemporary publications -- i.e., increased interest in microscope around 1660, although it had been around for almost half a century (4)

1. A New Instrument Appraised

2. The Leading Microscopists

3. The Substance of Living Matter

4. The "Animal Oeconomy"