Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013) - Revision history

Wtrettien at 23:19, 26 July 2013

2013-07-26T23:19:04Z

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	==== Wax engraving ====		==== Wax engraving ====

			engrave on wax, in order to make a relief block

			often used for making maps, since letterpress type could be pressed directly into the wax (on curves, at an angle, etc)

	=== Photographically assisted processes ===		=== Photographically assisted processes ===
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	==== Process false halftones ====		==== Process false halftones ====

			also artist's false halftones; looks like halftone but is actually process line block created from a chalky image that already has dotted crayon-y effect; dots won't be regular but printing will be relief

	==== Process relief halftones ====		==== Process relief halftones ====
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	==== Scraperboard ====		==== Scraperboard ====

			drawing white lines on a scraped white board, to create an image to be photographed and made as a process line block

			can look like very detailed wood engravings

			preparation process for photography -- not a printing process

	== Intaglio ==		== Intaglio ==
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	==== Mechanical tints ====		==== Mechanical tints ====

			benday dots; sheets of regular dots, can be used to make relief blocks that are tonal because of overlaying dots (automates cutting process)

			looks like a halftone screen, but no variation in dots

	==== Color collotypes ====		==== Color collotypes ====

	== Other ==		== Other ==

			"permanent photographs," or Woodberry types; wouldn't fade like normal photographs; are always mounted on the page and have edges trimmed

	=== Nature prints ===		=== Nature prints ===

Wtrettien at 23:13, 26 July 2013

2013-07-26T23:13:31Z

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	Interpretive -- interpret what an artist gives you		Interpretive -- interpret what an artist gives you

	White-line		White-line -- using a general white line on black background; easier to cut

	==== Stereotype/electrotypes ====		==== Stereotype/electrotypes ====
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	==== Gravure printing ====		==== Gravure printing ====

			intaglio process

			square cells all the same size but of different depth

			lends itself to long runs

			being used on a high-spreed press; using a doctor blade to ink

	== Planographic ==		== Planographic ==
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	patented process; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baxter_(printer)		patented process; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baxter_(printer)

			lay tints in relief, print steel engraving over that, then print color in relief on top -- so intaglio process with relief color

			largely framing prints; begin showing up in 1830s and are gone by 1860s, replaced by chromolithography advances

	==== Chromolithographs ====		==== Chromolithographs ====
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	Art of Chromolithography, by Audsley; showed progressive build-up of 22 color plates to create a single image		Art of Chromolithography, by Audsley; showed progressive build-up of 22 color plates to create a single image

			register is usually very good, compared to relief blocks

	==== Nelson prints ====		==== Nelson prints ====

			lithography with relief color; have a characteristic blue color

			1850-60s; disappear afterward

			the lithography can be lightly stippled -- distressing is a sign of metal or stone, not wood

	==== Chromoxylographs ====		==== Chromoxylographs ====
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	==== Chromotypographs ====		==== Chromotypographs ====

			creating relief blocks for color with type metal; usually a process line block

	=== Photographically assisted ===		=== Photographically assisted ===
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	==== Duotones ====		==== Duotones ====

			two tone process printing, to get subtle shades

	==== Mechanical tints ====		==== Mechanical tints ====
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	=== Stencil prints: pochoir ===		=== Stencil prints: pochoir ===

			hand-coloring process using stencils; practiced mostly in France

	=== Silkscreen: serigraphs ===		=== Silkscreen: serigraphs ===

			not a book process in the 19c

			uses water-based ink; heavy coverage

Wtrettien at 00:27, 26 July 2013

2013-07-26T00:27:51Z

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	letter press -- ~200 sq in of printing space, about 200lb of pressure, so ~1lb per sq in (not much at all)		letter press -- ~200 sq in of printing space, about 200lb of pressure, so ~1lb per sq in (not much at all)

			grass: jobs done in the spaces between other jobs; hence (perhaps?) Whitman's ''Leaves of Grass''?

	== Relief ==		== Relief ==

Wtrettien: /* Color (passim) */

2013-07-26T00:26:16Z

Color (passim)

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	==== A la poupee coloring ====		==== A la poupee coloring ====

			painting directly onto the plate

	==== Hand-colored aquatints ====		==== Hand-colored aquatints ====

			watercolors over aquatint; can get much subtlety because of aquatint proces

	==== Color mezzotints ====		==== Color mezzotints ====
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	==== Baxter prints ====		==== Baxter prints ====

			patented process; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Baxter_(printer)

	==== Chromolithographs ====		==== Chromolithographs ====
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	==== Chromoxylographs ====		==== Chromoxylographs ====

			wood engravings building up color through successive blocks; key block (black) is last

	==== Chromotypographs ====		==== Chromotypographs ====

Wtrettien at 00:23, 26 July 2013

2013-07-26T00:23:47Z

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	sandwich of copper and typemetal: electrotype		sandwich of copper and typemetal: electrotype

			flong: paper mache pressing for making stereotypes; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flong

	==== Wax engraving ====		==== Wax engraving ====
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	==== Photoxylograph ====		==== Photoxylograph ====

			photograph against a light-sensitized wood surface, cut a wood engraving from the photograph; wood engravings with high photographic quality may have been done by this process

	==== Process relief line engraving ====		==== Process relief line engraving ====

			take a photographic negative of a line block, put it on a zinc plate that is painted with a light-sensitive emulsion, shine a light onto it; gelative in emulsion hardens where light hits it, the rest washes away, leaving a relief surface

	==== Process false halftones ====		==== Process false halftones ====

	==== Process relief halftones ====		==== Process relief halftones ====

			same as process relief line engraving, buta screen is between the negative and the light-sensitized plate, so that tonal gradations in the photograph show (on the principle that water/emulsion hardens at different rates around the screen lines

			to get a good quality image in halftone, need a very fine screen and very smooth paper; many magazine have high clay content for this reason

			can identify it as a relief process by the ink squash

			benefit of photographic process: can enlarge or shrink image

			first halftone photographs in 1880s

			many relief blocks were touched up with a burin before printing; see ''Drawing for Process Reproduction''

			relief processes of different types can co-exist on same late 19c magazine page because each page was made as a stereotype/electrotype after setting

	=== C20 ===		=== C20 ===
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	stopping out: covering etched areas with a waxy substance to re-etch other parts; gives portions a painted feel and different line thicknesses		stopping out: covering etched areas with a waxy substance to re-etch other parts; gives portions a painted feel and different line thicknesses

			drypoint -- can only get 10-20 images before the burr breaks off; is only a framing print

	==== Line engravings ====		==== Line engravings ====
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	Prince Rupert is fabled to have invented it (in John Evelyn's ''Sculptura, or the History of Chalcography''), though Siegen did		Prince Rupert is fabled to have invented it (in John Evelyn's ''Sculptura, or the History of Chalcography''), though Siegen did

	first known is a large plate of an executioner; it made its way to England as the "Little executioner" (smaller image just of executioner's ~~haed~~), which is in Evelyn's book -- famous image		first known is a large plate of an executioner; it made its way to England as the "Little executioner" (smaller image just of executioner's head), which is in Evelyn's book -- famous image

	==== Stipple engravings ====		==== Stipple engravings ====
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	aquatint often used to give differentiation in print destined for hand-colored tone; can use only a few colors to get many colors because of aquatint shading effects		aquatint often used to give differentiation in print destined for hand-colored tone; can use only a few colors to get many colors because of aquatint shading effects

	William ~~Daniels~~, Voyage around Great Britain -- thought to be one of the most beautiful color plate books in aquatint; http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/mar2005.html		William Daniell, Voyage around Great Britain -- thought to be one of the most beautiful color plate books in aquatint; http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/mar2005.html
	* Tate has the copperplates and did a restrike		* Tate has the copperplates and did a restrike

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	==== Mezzotints on steel ====		==== Mezzotints on steel ====

			19c mezzotints virtually unknown (largely an 18c process) except by John Sartain & family; used etching on the print and the plate was probably rocked mechanically in steel

	=== Photographically assisted ===		=== Photographically assisted ===
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	==== Aquatint photogravures ====		==== Aquatint photogravures ====

			copperplate, so maybe 500 impressions

			often with photofinishing, manipulating it to produce black

			process that you cannot see, the aquatint is so fine

			upmarket, not screened

	==== Gravure printing ====		==== Gravure printing ====
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	==== Collotypes ====		==== Collotypes ====

			if a print looks like it should be halftone but it isn't screened, it is either collotype or photogravure

			collotype: light areas look like deformed triangles, dark like worms (see Gascoigne 40)

			usefule for a lighter image

			difficult to get very clean edges

	==== Photolithographs ====		==== Photolithographs ====
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	==== Hand-press period ====		==== Hand-press period ====

	Colored woodcuts		woodcut initials: factotum (with letterpress letter inside); arabesque, crible (with dots), floriated (vegetation), grotesque (humans/animals), historiated (tell a story)

			dabs -- metal casts in relief, made from a woodblock; heavily used in renaissance for initials and decorative flourishes, so presence of a nearly "identical" woodcut doesn't mean the book emerged from the same press; can be identified often by nail holes in the corner, where the metal was nailed to a piece of wood

			Colored woodcuts -- color applied after printing by hand

			Color woodcuts -- printed color

	~~Color woodcuts~~		key block: black block, used to create color blocks

			Edmund Evans -- key name in Victorian color printing (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Evans); also Benjamin Fawcett

			''Baby's Bouquet'': http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25432/25432-h/25432-h.htm

	==== Chiaroscuro woodcuts ====		==== Chiaroscuro woodcuts ====
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	==== Color mezzotints ====		==== Color mezzotints ====

			really no color mezzotints in 19c, although a few attempts in late 18c

	=== C19 ===		=== C19 ===
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	==== Tinted lithographs ====		==== Tinted lithographs ====

			tine stone with a register stone

	==== Baxter prints ====		==== Baxter prints ====
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	==== Chromolithographs ====		==== Chromolithographs ====

	Chromo- vs color lithographs ~~====~~		Chromo- vs color lithographs

			Art of Chromolithography, by Audsley; showed progressive build-up of 22 color plates to create a single image

	==== Nelson prints ====		==== Nelson prints ====
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	=== Nature prints ===		=== Nature prints ===

			pressing leaves or lace into metal, printing from it

			fashionable in 184-50s

			associated with Braley firm

	=== Stencil prints: pochoir ===		=== Stencil prints: pochoir ===

	=== Silkscreen: serigraphs ===		=== Silkscreen: serigraphs ===

Wtrettien at 23:58, 25 July 2013

2013-07-25T23:58:25Z

@@ Line 198: / Line 198: @@
 === C19 ===
-==== Pen-and-inkk style ====
+lithography described by its founder as a chemical process, because the nonprinting surface is in fact lightly etched with chemicals
 ==== Chalk-manner lithographs ====
 ==== Lithotints ====
 ==== Transfer lithographs ====

Wtrettien at 23:52, 25 July 2013

2013-07-25T23:52:10Z

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 copper-faced woodblock made from original wood engraving; can't tell the different between a printing done from copper face or from original woodblock
-plaster in wood engraving means its a stereotype
+plaster in wood engraving means it was used to make a stereotype
 ==== Wax engraving ====
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 aquatint often used to give differentiation in print destined for hand-colored tone; can use only a few colors to get many colors because of aquatint shading effects
 === C19 ===
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 steel engraving with no plate mark in a book means that a big plate was laid out in a sheet, then printed before the letterpress; so the sheet went through a press 4x (2x on each side)
 ==== Mezzotints on steel ====
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 ==== Gravure printing ====

Wtrettien at 00:40, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T00:40:11Z

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	Etchings on an ungrounded plate		Etchings on an ungrounded plate

			stopping out: covering etched areas with a waxy substance to re-etch other parts; gives portions a painted feel and different line thicknesses

	==== Line engravings ====		==== Line engravings ====

Wtrettien at 00:38, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T00:38:45Z

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 pentimento: an alteration that's been rubbed out (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentimento)
 === Hand-press period ===
@@ Line 102: / Line 104: @@
 game of collecting Italian Renaissance prints was over by the end of the 18c -- very rare
 ==== Etchings ====
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 pure etching virtually unknown in handpress period
-speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day
+speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day engraved; with etchings, a simple 7x10" plate could be done in ~1hour
 Etchings on an ungrounded plate
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 line engravings are opposed to mezzotints, stipple engravings and aquatints, which are all tonal engravings
 ==== Mezzotints ====
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 ==== Stipple engravings ====
 ==== Aquatints ====
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 painting the ground onto the plate; can do multiple bites with the acid to get a "terraced" visual effect (patches of uniform darkness, patches of uniform medium gray, etc.; see pg 21)
 === C19 ===
 === Photographically assisted ===

Wtrettien at 00:27, 24 July 2013

2013-07-24T00:27:39Z

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	Illustration Processes to 1900 (I-20), Rare Book School, taught by Terry Belanger, 22-27 July 2013		Illustration Processes to 1900 (I-20), Rare Book School, taught by Terry Belanger, 22-27 July 2013

			first thing to ask: date? is it printed on both sides? is the caption letterpress or freeform?

			sock impression: on damp paper; kiss impression: on dry paper

			letter press -- ~200 sq in of printing space, about 200lb of pressure, so ~1lb per sq in (not much at all)

	== Relief ==		== Relief ==
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	==== Woodcuts ====		==== Woodcuts ====

	fast to print		fast to print (about 100x faster to print than intaglio)

	don't wear out		don't wear out
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	done on plank side of wood		done on plank side of wood

			occasionally find pen corrections, since labor was cheap and materials were expensive (reverse of today)

	=== C19 ===		=== C19 ===
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	advantage over intaglio: can be printed with the text		advantage over intaglio: can be printed with the text

			''Civil War Artist'' by Taylor Morrison, good description of process of making a wood engraving

			bolted together smaller pieces of boxwood to make large enough image

	Bewick manner -- popularized wood engraving		Bewick manner -- popularized wood engraving
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	can only do about ~100 impressions, not enough for a book run; by 19C, could get ~1500 copies from copper by beating it first to make it stronger		can only do about ~100 impressions, not enough for a book run; by 19C, could get ~1500 copies from copper by beating it first to make it stronger

			under pressure of rolling press, lines of copperplate squash together
			* refurbishers could touch them up; were paid by the hour (unusual for book trade, because it was such skilled labor)

			at about 1000 impressions, it's cheaper to duplicate the plate

			Pallaioulo -- Battle of the Nudes (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nudes_(engraving))

			game of collecting Italian Renaissance prints was over by the end of the 18c -- very rare

	==== Etchings ====		==== Etchings ====

			pure etching virtually unknown in handpress period

			speed: map engraver in Ordinate Survey Office expected to do 2x2 inches a day

	Etchings on an ungrounded plate		Etchings on an ungrounded plate
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	==== Aquatints ====		==== Aquatints ====

	white islands surrounded by black sea indicates ~~aquatined~~		white islands surrounded by black sea indicates aquatint

			painting the ground onto the plate; can do multiple bites with the acid to get a "terraced" visual effect (patches of uniform darkness, patches of uniform medium gray, etc.; see pg 21)

	=== C19 ===		=== C19 ===

	=== Photographically assisted ===		=== Photographically assisted ===

	~~letter press -- ~200 sq in of printing space, about 200lb of pressure, so ~1lb per sq in (not much at all)~~

	~~copperplate: under pressure of rolling press, lines squash together~~