Fournier 1996 - Revision history

Wtrettien: /* 7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope */

2010-08-03T19:25:16Z

7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope

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	* corpuscular philosophy was the impetus; but in the end, microscopy could add little to corpuscular philosophy		* corpuscular philosophy was the impetus; but in the end, microscopy could add little to corpuscular philosophy

	by the end of the 1680s, was clear that "an overwhelming number of fibers and vessels constituted the principal structural element throughout organic nature" -- similar across a number of different organs, '''contradicting the belief that similar structure == similar function; therefore a new procedure of analysis was needed, supplanting Descartes'' [how does this relate to Grew's attraction to the book as a structure?] (193)		by the end of the 1680s, was clear that "an overwhelming number of fibers and vessels constituted the principal structural element throughout organic nature" -- similar across a number of different organs, '''contradicting the belief that similar structure == similar function; therefore a new procedure of analysis was needed, supplanting Descartes''' [how does this relate to Grew's attraction to the book as a structure?] (193)

			:"The investigations in the closing decades of the century had given rise to a definite theory of the construction of organic matter, in which the fiber formed the essential unit, both in the vegetable and animal world. Although simple mechanisms like the lever and sieve were incompatible with the fabric of fibers and vessels, such a fabric agreed with the mechanical conception of nature. Indeed, this fabric, an intricate arrangement of vessels of various diameters, was thought to bring about the various physiological processes as a result of the fluids that circulated through the vessels. Such a system appeared an attractive subject for mathematical analysis, but did not need further ocular investigation. '''In a sense then, the goals of the early microscopists formed the basis for the decline in microscopy some decades later.'''" (194)

Wtrettien: /* 7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope */

2010-08-03T19:20:08Z

7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope

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	== 7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope ==		== 7. Measuring the Impact of the Microscope ==

			"rising momentum of Baconianism in England" led to work of Hooke and Power; "reinforced ... by the impact of the corpuscular theory of matter" (187)

			:"From their books [Hooke, Power] it is apparent that the union of the empirical method of scientific investigation with a rational explanation of the phenomena of nature, whether on a corpuscular basis or a mechanical o9ne, transformed microscopic investigation fro ma disjointed series of casual observations into a sustained effort." (187)

			:"the microscopic observations published during the 1660s and early 1670s are deeply concerned with the issues raised by the corpuscular philosophy and Cartesian-inspired physiology. They also reveal a deep commitment to the experimental method on the part of the investigators. The beginning of the heyday of microscopy in the seventeenth century was therefor the result of a combination of the novel seventeenth-century conception of nature with the experimental method." (188)
			* corpuscular philosophy was the impetus; but in the end, microscopy could add little to corpuscular philosophy

			by the end of the 1680s, was clear that "an overwhelming number of fibers and vessels constituted the principal structural element throughout organic nature" -- similar across a number of different organs, '''contradicting the belief that similar structure == similar function; therefore a new procedure of analysis was needed, supplanting Descartes'' [how does this relate to Grew's attraction to the book as a structure?] (193)

Wtrettien: /* 4. The Fabric of Living Beings */

2010-08-03T19:06:06Z

4. The Fabric of Living Beings

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	:"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)		:"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)

	== 4. The Fabric of Living Beings ==		== 5. The Fabric of Living Beings ==

	second half of 17c, flourishing period for anatomy		second half of 17c, flourishing period for anatomy

Wtrettien at 19:05, 3 August 2010

2010-08-03T19:05:45Z

@@ Line 327: / Line 327: @@
 :"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)
-== The Fabric of Living Beings ==
+== 4. The Fabric of Living Beings ==
 second half of 17c, flourishing period for anatomy
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 discovery of micro-organisms: Leeuwenhoek discovered many of them, but Joblot named them -- only with the name were other researchers across the continent able to identify and share findings (171-2)

Wtrettien at 18:38, 3 August 2010

2010-08-03T18:38:10Z

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	human anatamies, like Bidloo's, benefitted from microscopic research; zootomies don't appear to have benefited greatly (141)		human anatamies, like Bidloo's, benefitted from microscopic research; zootomies don't appear to have benefited greatly (141)

			:"Although anatomists declared the microscope to be a valuable contribution to their arsenal of techniques, and valued the microscopic examination fo specimens, in fact few anatomist attempted to investigate the texture of human organs with the microscope thoroughly, neither directly nor via the roundabout route of comparative anatomy. ... The study of the animal body, on the other hand, was certainly carried some way beyond the achievements of the 'fathers of microscopy', but this achievement was one of quantity rather than of quality." (143-146)

			insect anatomies flourished, but most were derivative of Hooke and Swammerdam (156)

			on Leeuwenhoek, 157-67

			discovery of micro-organisms: Leeuwenhoek discovered many of them, but Joblot named them -- only with the name were other researchers across the continent able to identify and share findings (171-2)

Wtrettien at 01:03, 3 August 2010

2010-08-03T01:03:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:03, 3 August 2010
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	:"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)		:"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)

			== The Fabric of Living Beings ==

			second half of 17c, flourishing period for anatomy

			survey of various discoveris; Malpighi, Willis, Bidloo's ''Anatomia humani corporis'' (1685) (did he use Malpighi's illustrations without direct observation of phenomena? -- 139) -- "landmark in human microscopic anatomy" (140)

			human anatamies, like Bidloo's, benefitted from microscopic research; zootomies don't appear to have benefited greatly (141)

Wtrettien: /* Vessels Galore */

2010-08-03T00:56:03Z

Vessels Galore

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	=== Vessels Galore ===		=== Vessels Galore ===

			1666, Edmund King published in ''Philosophical Transactions'' on animal body as made entirely of fibers; '''Grew believed plants were woven together of fibers'''

			today, Leeuwenhoek seen as putting the "finishing touches" on Harvey's theories; but wasn't seen that way by his contemporaries, who thought of capillaries as mechanistic contraptions (129)

			capillaries began to be favored "as the seat of all physiological processes" (132); the physiologists used mathematical, rather than instrumental, tools

			:"Influenced by the recent developments in physics a 'Mathematical Physick' was introduced and physiological theory shifted from 'machinulae,' or mechanical actions, to the dynamics of fluids in tubes of various sizes. ... Hydraulic physiology, in several guises, dominated eighteenth-century physiology." (134)

Wtrettien: /* Nehemiah Grew */

2010-08-03T00:45:56Z

Nehemiah Grew

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	=== Nehemiah Grew ===		=== Nehemiah Grew ===

			1673-1677: Grew presented results on anatomy of plants, with some lectures on the chemical composition

			believed all essential parts in a plant were the same; made of two different kinds of tissue: parenchymatous, mass of bubbles/bladders, all alike and discontinuous, and the ligneous, clusters of small vessels or concave fibers -- air vessels and sap vessels (122)
			*"Grew equated the plant vessels with the viscera in animals: as there is such a variety of viscera, there must be a similar variety in plant vessels. In Grew's view, therefore, animal and pklant physiology are very similar processes, requiring similar organs to be realized. Whether there was indeed such a strong analogy between platns and animals was currently widely debated, but by no means clear." (122)

			all parts from two basic elements: bladders and vessels, though many different sizes/configurations

			walls of the bladder are not mere '''"Paper-Skins"''' (124) -- warp and woof texture; stitched together like a "Floor-Mat" (124)

			imagined mechanistic system of capillaries and bladders to allow fluid to rise in the plant without sinking; but was unsure how water transferred between blatters -- assumed something to do with the chemical composition of the fluid; '''"Grew's ideas on the subject of vegetation were therefore composed partly of mechanical and partly of chemical principles"''' (126)

			major methods of investigation: observation with a microscope, and chemical experimentation (127)

			"Grew arrived at a clear notion concerning the delicate structure of organic matter, which ensued directly from his microscopic studies"; however, understanding of the details of the operation of these structures w/i vegetable "oeconomy" eluded him, because he couldn't see them with his microscope

	=== Vessels Galore ===		=== Vessels Galore ===

Wtrettien: /* Marcello Malpighi */

2010-08-02T22:36:23Z

Marcello Malpighi

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	* discerned the structure of plants is variation on two units: boxlike utricle and tubelike fiber		* discerned the structure of plants is variation on two units: boxlike utricle and tubelike fiber
	* most of his plant research macroscopic, but used microscope to examine detailsm		* most of his plant research macroscopic, but used microscope to examine detailsm
			* imagined movement of liquids in plants as purely mechanical process (119-120)
			* ''''"The supposed analogy between animal and vegetable structures was emphasized by the application of the vocabulary of animal anatomy to vegetable structures. ... used animal anatomy and physiology as a model with which to interpret plant structure.''' In doing so he contradicted the premise that, he said, motivated his research on plants, namely, that by studying the simple mechanisms of plants the complex mechanisms of animals might be better understood." (120)

	'~~'Anatomes plantarum'~~		:"he investigated the minutiae of organic matter in search of an explanation for the origin of the physiological processes" (120)

			"the content of Malpighi's scientific career was therefore dominated by the mechanical philosophy" (121); never doubted this premise, saw everything he looked at as small machine and interpreted its function as such

	=== Nehemiah Grew ===		=== Nehemiah Grew ===

	=== Vessels Galore ===		=== Vessels Galore ===

Wtrettien: /* Marcello Malpighi */

2010-08-02T22:15:57Z

Marcello Malpighi

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	organisms acquired their texture before any indicatino of structure could be detected visuallly, with microscope or without; but not preformationist -- believed fertilization caused matter to structure itself		organisms acquired their texture before any indicatino of structure could be detected visuallly, with microscope or without; but not preformationist -- believed fertilization caused matter to structure itself

			plant research is bulkiest part of his published investigations; most illustrations
			* most insights condensed into essay, ''Anatomes plantarum idea'', 1 Nov 1671, sent to the Royal Society, received one day before Nehemiah Grew's ''the anatomy of vegetables begun'' was presented
			* royal Society later published his ''Anatomes plantarum pars prima'' (1675), describing principle parts of the plant, and ''pars altera'' (1679), describing germination and growth, final chapter discusses the root
			* discerned the structure of plants is variation on two units: boxlike utricle and tubelike fiber
			* most of his plant research macroscopic, but used microscope to examine detailsm

			''Anatomes plantarum'

	=== Nehemiah Grew ===		=== Nehemiah Grew ===

	=== Vessels Galore ===		=== Vessels Galore ===