Facsimiles - Revision history

Wtrettien at 19:09, 6 February 2024

2024-02-06T19:09:20Z

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			(see also [[Reprographics]] and [[Lithography]])

	https://manuscriptroadtrip.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/manuscript-road-trip-the-spanish-forger/		https://manuscriptroadtrip.wordpress.com/2014/01/18/manuscript-road-trip-the-spanish-forger/
	* The Spanish Forger -- 19/20c making medieval illuminated initials; reusing parchment, sometimes text/image don't relate		* The Spanish Forger -- 19/20c making medieval illuminated initials; reusing parchment, sometimes text/image don't relate

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T17:21:26Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==		== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==

			George C. Clark Radioana collection at the Smithsonian has a section of materials relating to radiofax: https://sova.si.edu/record/nmah.ac.0055/ref1571?q=%22radio+facsimile%22&t=W

	Early fax machines for sending photographs over telegraph lines, then radio:		Early fax machines for sending photographs over telegraph lines, then radio:

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T17:19:59Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	* Arthur Cooley, 1927 -- over wireless telegraphy		* Arthur Cooley, 1927 -- over wireless telegraphy

			(on this history ^ see Marcus J. Martin, ''The Electrical Transmission of Photographs'' (1921))

	Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm		Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T16:56:16Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==		== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==

	Early fax machines for sending photographs over telegraph lines:		Early fax machines for sending photographs over telegraph lines, then radio:
	* Alexander Bain, 1846		* Alexander Bain, 1846
	* Frederick Bakewell, improved Bain's telefax		* Frederick Bakewell, improved Bain's telefax
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	* Shelford Bidwell, scanning phototelegraph, 1880		* Shelford Bidwell, scanning phototelegraph, 1880
	* Arthur Korn, Bildtelegraph, 1900		* Arthur Korn, Bildtelegraph, 1900
	* Edwin Belin, Belinograph, 1913		* Edwin Belin, Belinograph, 1913 -- over telephone wires
			* Arthur Cooley, 1927 -- over wireless telegraphy


	Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm		Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm
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	=== Noah Arceneaux, "Radio Facsimile Newspapers of the 1930s and 40s: Electronic Publishing in the Pre-Digital Era," ''Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media'' 55.3 (2011): 344-59. ===		=== Noah Arceneaux, "Radio Facsimile Newspapers of the 1930s and 40s: Electronic Publishing in the Pre-Digital Era," ''Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media'' 55.3 (2011): 344-59. ===

			Following the development of wireless telegraphy, methods that utilized radio waves were developed, and inventor Austin Cooley demonstrated such a system in 1927 (Shefrin, 1949, p. 20). Through his Radiovision Corporation, Cooley sold kits to construct facsimile receivers, with the images trans- mitted originally from WOR in Newark. According to the accompanying instruction booklet, images could be sent prior to each radio program, increasing the enjoyment and educational potential of an otherwise purely aural medium (Radiovision, 1928). More than two dozen radio stations experimented with Cooley’s system before the FCC found ‘‘their signal too disagreeable to allow on the air’’ (Yoder, 1946).

			The more widely adopted system of William Finch was one of the two displayed at the 1939 World’s Fair (Finch License File). Finch had a number of patents relating to radio, including one for a ‘‘talking newspaper.’’ Newsweek reported on the concept in 1938, which involved newspapers printing wavy lines along the borders of their pages; when fed through an audio device, sound would be produced (‘‘Talking Newspapers’’).

			The first serious attempt to publish a radio-faxpaper outside of a laboratory envi- ronment began in 1934 (Koehler, 1969, p. 31). The Milwaukee Journal conducted transmissions over its experimental station W9XAG, using Hogan’s system. The first public demonstration was in a department store, illustrating a promotional tactic that was duplicated later. The station soured on the concept by 1936, lamenting the complete unavailability of facsimile receivers…

			Given the slow transmission speed of facsimile, these newspapers did not see the electronic versions as true replacements but rather as condensed, tabloid-like supplements (Coe, 1939).

			There were even attempts to establish ‘‘radio-faxpaper networks.’’ In February 1938, the McClatchy Corporation began to transmit the 8-page Radio Bee to a hun- dred homes in Sacramento and Fresno, California; the company owned newspapers and radio stations…

			The paper also discovered that using a vari-typer, a type of typewriter that could justify text to the right and left margins, was the quickest way to get news into a faxpaper, as it removed the delay of type-setting and printing. The Radio Bee, published by the McClatchy Corporation, experimented with its own peculiar layout. The paper was published in the early morning hours, and the first page transmitted was actually the last page of the faxpaper (Hamilton, 1939). The editors therefore decided to put a photo of the most important story on the last page.

			Unlike RCA’s version that utilized regular paper, Hogan’s system relied upon chemically-treated paper and cost almost $4 per roll. According to one estimate, a four-page faxpaper cost approximately 4 cents worth of paper (Beville, 1948, p. 7). For roughly the same amount, an individual could purchase a full-size newspaper, not the abbreviated version that took almost an hour to print via facsimile. Given that FM facsimile receivers cost several hundred dollars, price was thus a formidable barrier for the medium’s diffusion.

			In order to fund their operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer and Miami Herald charged a monthly fee for facsimile service, which covered the rental of the receivers along with the necessary paper. At its peak, the Herald reportedly published in 75 locations, including hotel lobbies and retail stores…

			Though printing and broadcasting each offered their advantages, the issue of government licensing was a critical difference between the two technologies. The FCC limits access to the airwaves, with the public interest mandate, though no such authorization is needed to publish a newspaper. Facsimile proponents were thus concerned about their ability to exercise free speech when presenting the news in this new format.

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T16:14:00Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	"Facsimile Transmission," in Nature (Feb 10, 1940) -- mentions could be used to share news that could then be printed using photo-offset printing; mentions police cars being outfitted with facsimile transmitters		"Facsimile Transmission," in Nature (Feb 10, 1940) -- mentions could be used to share news that could then be printed using photo-offset printing; mentions police cars being outfitted with facsimile transmitters

			=== Noah Arceneaux, "Radio Facsimile Newspapers of the 1930s and 40s: Electronic Publishing in the Pre-Digital Era," ''Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media'' 55.3 (2011): 344-59. ===

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T16:12:40Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	* Crosley enters the scene with his "Reado" machines, much cheaper		* Crosley enters the scene with his "Reado" machines, much cheaper
	* issues with technology, not taken up by public; "many radio stations had already discontinuing their facsimile services by the end of 1940, and, with the start of World War II, anything that was left of the service had come to an unceremonious end. By 1943 there were only three facsimile stations still on the air in the country: W9XWT in Louisville, W8XUM in Columbus and W2XWE in Albany."		* issues with technology, not taken up by public; "many radio stations had already discontinuing their facsimile services by the end of 1940, and, with the start of World War II, anything that was left of the service had come to an unceremonious end. By 1943 there were only three facsimile stations still on the air in the country: W9XWT in Louisville, W8XUM in Columbus and W2XWE in Albany."

			C. W. Page, "Radio Facsimile," in Scientific American (March 1935) -- on the '''"home radio printing press"'''

	W. Carroll Munro, "Newspaper by Radio: Facsimile transmission has potentialities for changing the social life of the nation," on Finch's machines (1937)		W. Carroll Munro, "Newspaper by Radio: Facsimile transmission has potentialities for changing the social life of the nation," on Finch's machines (1937)

			"Facsimile Transmission," in Nature (Feb 10, 1940) -- mentions could be used to share news that could then be printed using photo-offset printing; mentions police cars being outfitted with facsimile transmitters

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T16:01:07Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 2 February 2024
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	* Crosley enters the scene with his "Reado" machines, much cheaper		* Crosley enters the scene with his "Reado" machines, much cheaper
	* issues with technology, not taken up by public; "many radio stations had already discontinuing their facsimile services by the end of 1940, and, with the start of World War II, anything that was left of the service had come to an unceremonious end. By 1943 there were only three facsimile stations still on the air in the country: W9XWT in Louisville, W8XUM in Columbus and W2XWE in Albany."		* issues with technology, not taken up by public; "many radio stations had already discontinuing their facsimile services by the end of 1940, and, with the start of World War II, anything that was left of the service had come to an unceremonious end. By 1943 there were only three facsimile stations still on the air in the country: W9XWT in Louisville, W8XUM in Columbus and W2XWE in Albany."

			W. Carroll Munro, "Newspaper by Radio: Facsimile transmission has potentialities for changing the social life of the nation," on Finch's machines (1937)

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T15:49:36Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	* Giovanni Caselli, Pantelegraph, 1865		* Giovanni Caselli, Pantelegraph, 1865
	* Shelford Bidwell, scanning phototelegraph, 1880		* Shelford Bidwell, scanning phototelegraph, 1880
			* Arthur Korn, Bildtelegraph, 1900
	* Edwin Belin, Belinograph, 1913		* Edwin Belin, Belinograph, 1913

	Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm		Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm
			* "RCA was the first company to adapt facsimile to radio, and sent a transoceanic image of President Calvin Coolidge from New York to London on November 29, 1924. Two years later, RCA began a commercial service of transmitting transoceanic photos by shortwave radio for the newspaper industry, and transmitting weather maps to ships at sea."
			* "KPO in San Francisco, owned by the San Francisco Chronicle, became the first radio broadcaster to transmit a photograph by radio when it transmitted a picture of cartoon character Andy Gump on August 22, 1925."
			* convergence of sound technologies: "WOR used the Cooley-Ray Foto System developed by Austin Cooley to transmit images late at night. Experimenters could make their own Cooley-Ray receivers by modifying old phonographs."
			* William Finch developed a receiver for home use and convinced broadcasters to participate in experiment; RCA realized its technology was useful and daily transmission of newspapers began in 1939
			* displays at the 1939 World's Fair
			* Crosley enters the scene with his "Reado" machines, much cheaper
			* issues with technology, not taken up by public; "many radio stations had already discontinuing their facsimile services by the end of 1940, and, with the start of World War II, anything that was left of the service had come to an unceremonious end. By 1943 there were only three facsimile stations still on the air in the country: W9XWT in Louisville, W8XUM in Columbus and W2XWE in Albany."

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Radio facsimile / radiofax */

2024-02-02T15:32:21Z

Radio facsimile / radiofax

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	on lithography for reproducing medieval manuscripts, [[Nordenfalk 1976]] and [[McLean 1972]]		on lithography for reproducing medieval manuscripts, [[Nordenfalk 1976]] and [[McLean 1972]]

	== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==		== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==

			Early fax machines for sending photographs over telegraph lines:
			* Alexander Bain, 1846
			* Frederick Bakewell, improved Bain's telefax
			* Giovanni Caselli, Pantelegraph, 1865
			* Shelford Bidwell, scanning phototelegraph, 1880
			* Edwin Belin, Belinograph, 1913

			Brief history of radio facsimile: http://www.theradiohistorian.org/Radiofax/newspaper_of_the_air1.htm

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==

Wtrettien: /* Photostats in libraries */

2024-02-02T15:29:45Z

Photostats in libraries

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:29, 2 February 2024
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	on lithography for reproducing medieval manuscripts, [[Nordenfalk 1976]] and [[McLean 1972]]		on lithography for reproducing medieval manuscripts, [[Nordenfalk 1976]] and [[McLean 1972]]

			== Radio facsimile / radiofax ==

	== Photostats in libraries ==		== Photostats in libraries ==