http://whitneyannetrettien.com/whiki/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Belanger_1977Belanger 1977 - Revision history2026-10-05T13:56:39ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.38.1http://whitneyannetrettien.com/whiki/index.php?title=Belanger_1977&diff=356&oldid=prevWtrettien: Created page with ''''edition''': "all copies printed at one or later times from the same setting of type" (97) '''impression''': "within an edition, all copies printed at any one time" (97) '''i…'2010-07-21T15:26:43Z<p>Created page with ''''edition''': "all copies printed at one or later times from the same setting of type" (97) '''impression''': "within an edition, all copies printed at any one time" (97) '''i…'</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>'''edition''': "all copies printed at one or later times from the same setting of type" (97)<br />
<br />
'''impression''': "within an edition, all copies printed at any one time" (97)<br />
<br />
'''issue''': "that part of an edition offered for sale at one time" (98); may have slightly different title pages, such as New York for American distribution and London for UK distribution<br />
<br />
'''state''': "minor differences in the printed text between one copy and another of the same book" (98); e.g. stop-press correctons; "variant states are caused ''before'' publication, just as variant issues are caused upon or after publication" (98)<br />
<br />
publishers prefer the first of everything, state, issue, impression and edition -- even if uncorrected, and odd from the point of view of the reader, who wants the most "correct" ediction<br />
<br />
two main sorts of bibliography:<br />
<br />
1) '''enumerative bibliography''': listing books according to some plan; sometimes called ''systematic bibliography''; library card catalog is an example<br />
<br />
2) '''analytical bibliography''' subsumes:<br />
* ''historical bibliography'': history of books and the persons, machines, institutions producing them<br />
* ''textual bibliography'': relationship between the material book and the text as the author conceived it<br />
* ''descriptive' bibliography'': close physical description of books<br />
<br />
== Typefounder's role ==<br />
<br />
pre-1500, printers cast their own type; by later 16th-century, typefounds were responsible for most type<br />
<br />
== Papermaker's role ==<br />
<br />
pre-1800 paper has ''chain lines''; all paper made in ratio 3:4; ribs of paper mold and therefore the chain lines always parallel short side of the sheet<br />
<br />
Dard Hunter, ''Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft'' (New York: Knopf, 1947).<br />
<br />
around 1760, papermakers began using wire mesh that doesn't produce chain lines, though it may still have a watermark or countermark; has smoother surface than ''laid paper'' (paper with chain lines)<br />
<br />
machine paper in early 19c was produced on wire mesh, though false chain lines were sometimes rolled on with a dandy roll<br />
<br />
''deckles'': uneven, feathery edges on the sides of handmade paper; trimmed off when book is bound; machine-made paper doesn't have it<br />
<br />
''unopened'': book having folds of sheets still intact at top and outer edges<br />
''uncut'': book whose edges (deckles) aren't trimmed<br />
<br />
== Printer's role ==<br />
<br />
'''format''' of a book: manner in which whole sheets are to be printed<br />
<br />
''folio in 6s'': folio book made up of gatherings of 6 leaves (or 3 sheets) each<br />
<br />
folio formats "''always'' produce gatherings where the chain lines run vertically up and down the leaves; the watermarks and countermarks (if present) will appear approximately in the middle of the page" (106)<br />
<br />
quarto formats, the chain lines are horizontal and watermark is in the gutter of the gathering, halfway up the leaf<br />
<br />
octavo formats, chain lines will be vertical; watermark will be in the upper inner corner of the sheet<br />
<br />
difficult / impossible to determine format of 19c books made with machine-made paper lacking chain lines, deckle edges or watermarks; books produced on paper made on endless rollers have no format, just a leaf size<br />
<br />
== Collational formula ==<br />
<br />
letters '''J''', '''U''', and '''W''' come late to the Roman alphabet<br />
<br />
brackets denote unsigned gatherings that still seem to have a place in the alphabet; if no letter can logically be assigned to them, the symbol PI is used<br />
<br />
Greek letter X (chi) used for unsigned gatherings elsewhere in the book<br />
<br />
== Publisher's role == <br />
<br />
fold-out sheets, inserted illustrations and maps ''not'' part of the collational formula, but written after it<br />
<br />
== Binder's role == <br />
<br />
after 1770, binding can be part of identifying a book (before then, books were individually bound)</div>Wtrettien