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Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians

2026-03-16T18:54:41Z

Wtrettien: /* Recent scholarship */

Bacon cipher collection NYPL
* Some has been digitized: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keywords=bacon+cipher
Finding aid: https://archives.nypl.org/mss/176

== Delia Bacon, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded (1857) ==

“'It was a time when authors, who treated of a scientific politics and of a scientific ethics internally connected with it, naturally preferred this more philosophic, symbolic method of indicating their connection with their writings, which would limit the indication to those who could pierce within the veil of a philosophic symbolism. It was the time when the cipher, in which one could write 'omnia per omnia,' was in such request, and when 'wheel ciphers' and 'doubles' were thought not unworthy of philosophic notice. It was a time, too, when the phonographic art was cultivated, and put to other uses than at present, and when a 'nom de plume' was required for other purposes than to serve as the refuge of an author's modesty, or vanity, or caprice. It was a time when puns, and charades, and enigmas, and anagrams, and monograms, and ciphers, and puzzles, were not good for sport and child's play merely; when they had need to be close; when they had need to be solvable, at least, only to those who should solve them. It was a time when all the latent capacities of the English language were put in requisition, and it was flashing and crackling, through all its lengths and breadths, with puns and quips, and conceits, and jokes, and satires, and inlined with philosophic secrets that opened down "into the bottom of a tomb"—that opened into the Tower—that opened on the scaffold and the block.'”

Folger has Delia Bacon’s papers

Vivian Hopkins wrote a biography of her, Prodigal Puritan: A Life of Delia Bacon (1959); Hopkins’ papers are at SUNY Albany: https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ua902-003

== Ignatius Donnelly, The Great Cryptogram (1888) ==

Comes across his child’s book which mention’s Bacon’s cipher

Goes back to Bacon’s work, shows all the ways he is concerned with ciphering

Begins looking in Shakespeare’s work for mentions of Bacon, Shake, Spear, St. Albans, Nicholas (Bacon’s father), Francis, etc. – finds what appear to him to be surprising patterns

Tries to count words around these found words, finds no discernable numerical cipher or pattern, then realizes the modern editions have extra words added etc.

Goes back to First Folio, first reduced edition then Staunton (because text was larger and more legible)
Notices odd pagination of F1

“It seemed to me that these repeated instances of Henry V., Troilus and Cressida, Julius Caesar and Timon of Athens proved conclusively that there was some secret depending upon the paging of the Folio, and that these plays had been written upon the basis of a cipher which did not correspond with the natural paging of the Folio; and that this paging had to be forcibly departed from in this way, and continued, per order, even when the printers were correcting minor errors.” (553)

Goes back to page 53 of histories, where word Bacon occurs; counted to the next Bacon, found it was the 371st word; then divided 371 by 53, and the quotient is seven – then notices that there are seven italic words on the first column of page 53 – notes that this is surprising, because requires a certain kind of typographic intervention, e.g. making some words hyphenated, to make exactly 371

Keeps doing this with other words like St Albans, finds the quotient is 6, and there are 6 italic words on the page
Explains away the quartos by saying that if he did not print the plays during Shakespeare’s lifetime with the cipher in them, men would say in the future that the plays were really Shakespeare’s and that Bacon had stolen them and interjected a cipher in them (562-3) -”And so he published some of them in quarto.”

== Orville Ward Owen, Sir Francis Bacon’s Cipher Story (1893) ==

recounted (probably unreliably) in Virginia Fellows, ''The Shakespeare Code'' – note goodreads reviews of it: https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/186779#CommunityReviews

Fellows gives the cipher wheel to the Summit Lighthouse/University; 2008 NBC News article on this cult: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27911980

Mythic Detroit on Owen: https://www.mythicdetroit.org/index.php?n=Main.DrOrvilleWardOwen

Dr. Carla Groenewegen (of Summit University) on Owen's cipher wheel: https://francisbaconsociety.co.uk/baconiana-journals/baconiana-journals-2007-present/baconiana-vol1-no6/#orville-owens-cipher-wheel

6 volumes (only 5 were published)

Several versions of volume 1 on Google books; one has no preface, another describes some “aids” available through the publisher, another has clippings from Detroit newspapers praising the methods

In these clippings, the method is said not to be a hoax because Owen is not capable of literary talent, it is a merely “mechanical” method

Not only plays credited to Shakespare but also George Peele, Christopher Marlow, Robert Greene, and the works of Burton and Spenser

“Argument: Bacon vs. Shakespeare” at the end of volume 1

“This startling statement (with the exception of Spencer’s Faerie-Queene) has been before advanced by Mrs. Pott, William White, J. E. Roe and others, but none of these authors has ever produced the proofs, taken from the plays, allegories, or prose works, of their claims. The keys and cipher have now been found, which unlock the strangely hidden writings, and the hidden story is being rapidly deciphered. I offer as evidence the works themselves as proof of the single authorship, and I request the readers to set aside the different names upon the title pages and ask thesmelves whether two or more men could have written so exactly alike.” (1)

Makes similar argument to Donnelly, that some passages seem out of place and so could only be placed there for purposes of cipher

Finding similar paragraphs in Bacon proves similar authorship

“We find concordant lines, similar paragraphs, and absolute words and thoughts, that are peculiar in themselves, and could have emanated but from one brain. In “As You Like It,” and in the Essay on “Beauty,” and in “Hamlet,” that a handsome and beautiful woman was not and could not be honest and virtuous. It is beyond the thought of man that two men should have, at different periods, brought forth the same idea of virtue and beauty, an idea which is horrible, and showing a low grade of virtue in the handsome and better class of women in his day.” (11)

Volume 2 has cipher wheel pictures at the beginning

== Elizabeth Wells Gallup, The Bi-lateral Cipher of Francis Bacon (1899) ==

Elizabeth Wells Gallup books: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Gallup%2C%20Elizabeth%20Wells%2C%201846%2D

Many of her papers in the Bacon cipher collection at NYPL

Harvard has Houghton Mifflin record of her book's readers' report: https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/archival_objects/744413

Says it confirms Owen’s word cipher

Takes pains to emphasize that she’s attempted to secure “the old original books necessary” (15)

Later says in publisher’s note to the third edition, “The old books necessary to the research could not be procured in America, and during the summer of 1900 Mrs. Gallup and her assistant, Miss Kate E. Wells, visited England to carry on the work in that treasure house of early literature, the British Museum.” (76)

== Kate H. Prescott, Reminisces of a Baconian (1949) ==

== Furness ==

Furness papers at Penn have two letters about Owen cipher wheel, one signed by Owen himself setting up the cipher wheel's method in opposition to editing

Furness on Baconian theory: Horace Howard Furness wrote in a letter that, "Donnelly's theory about Bacon's authorship is too foolish to be seriously answered. I don't think he started it for any other purpose than notoriety. I believe he doesn't attempt to show that Bacon corrected the proof-sheets of the First Folio, and no human foresight could have told how the printed line would run, and have so regulated the MSS. To Donnelly's theory the pagination & the number of lines in a page are essential."[58]

== Recent scholarship ==

David Kahn, ''The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing'' (1967)

John Michell, ''Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions'' (1984)
* Includes chapters on Delia Bacon, Donnelly, and Owen, offering a general overview of their work

Marjorie Garber, ''Shakespeare's Ghost Writers'' (1987)
* misses context of facsimiles
* points out that Harvard played a significant role in authorship controversies

S. Schoenbaum, ''Shakespeare's Lives'' (1991)
* includes a section on the authorship controversies
* before Delia Bacon:
** James Wilmot, 18c research into Shakespeare's life, believed he didn't write the plays, told those who visited his house
** James Corton Cowell, heard Wilmot's theory in 1805, appeared before Ipswich Philosophic Society to declare his views (only available in manuscript)
** Joseph C. Hart, NY lawyer who wrote ''The Romance of Yachting'' (1848) with digression into authorship of S's plays
** Robert Jamieson, article in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal (1852)
** Delia Bacon is the first to proclaim Bacon the author in print (1856)
** William Henry Smith, ''Was Lord Bacon the Author of Shakespeare's Plays?'' (1856)

Shawn Rosenheim, ''The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Allen Poe to the Internet'' (1997)
* mostly interested in Poe, has a chapter on telegraphy and how it helped spur on interest in cryptography

Glazener on Delia Bacon, Lesser respons (2007)
* includes quote from Lesser: It is worth thinking far more carefully than we have about how that quest for a "mystic cipher"-so laughable when used to anagrammatize the first letter of each capitalized word in the engraving on Shakespeare's funeral monument, or to string together every tenth word of every sixth sonnet in the 1609 edition-is different from the kind of searches for "meanings, behind the ostent," or from what Fredric Jameson calls the "transformation[s] of a given text into an allegory of its particular master code" (58), that get published every few months in Shakespeare Quarterly or ELH. I mean this not as a facile rhetorical question that would assume either that there is or that there is not a real difference between these two
types of quest, but rather, in the spirit of Glazener's essay, as an open question for historical investigation, and especially for book-historical investigation (353-4)

James Simpson, ''Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?'' (2010)

Bruce Danner, "The Anonymous Shakespeare," in Anonymity in Early Modern England (2011)
* blames Shakespearean scholarship for anti-Statfordianism, accuses Shakespearean scholars of themselves not using solid or coherent evidence when devising Shakespeare's biography

Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells, eds., ''Shakespeare Beyond Doubt'' (2013)

Jason Fagone, ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes'' (2017)
* about Elizebeth Friedman, includes some beginning sections on her work with Elizabeth Wells Gallup

Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians

2026-03-11T13:39:33Z

Wtrettien: /* Recent scholarship */

Bacon cipher collection NYPL
* Some has been digitized: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keywords=bacon+cipher
Finding aid: https://archives.nypl.org/mss/176

== Delia Bacon, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded (1857) ==

“'It was a time when authors, who treated of a scientific politics and of a scientific ethics internally connected with it, naturally preferred this more philosophic, symbolic method of indicating their connection with their writings, which would limit the indication to those who could pierce within the veil of a philosophic symbolism. It was the time when the cipher, in which one could write 'omnia per omnia,' was in such request, and when 'wheel ciphers' and 'doubles' were thought not unworthy of philosophic notice. It was a time, too, when the phonographic art was cultivated, and put to other uses than at present, and when a 'nom de plume' was required for other purposes than to serve as the refuge of an author's modesty, or vanity, or caprice. It was a time when puns, and charades, and enigmas, and anagrams, and monograms, and ciphers, and puzzles, were not good for sport and child's play merely; when they had need to be close; when they had need to be solvable, at least, only to those who should solve them. It was a time when all the latent capacities of the English language were put in requisition, and it was flashing and crackling, through all its lengths and breadths, with puns and quips, and conceits, and jokes, and satires, and inlined with philosophic secrets that opened down "into the bottom of a tomb"—that opened into the Tower—that opened on the scaffold and the block.'”

Folger has Delia Bacon’s papers

Vivian Hopkins wrote a biography of her, Prodigal Puritan: A Life of Delia Bacon (1959); Hopkins’ papers are at SUNY Albany: https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ua902-003

== Ignatius Donnelly, The Great Cryptogram (1888) ==

Comes across his child’s book which mention’s Bacon’s cipher

Goes back to Bacon’s work, shows all the ways he is concerned with ciphering

Begins looking in Shakespeare’s work for mentions of Bacon, Shake, Spear, St. Albans, Nicholas (Bacon’s father), Francis, etc. – finds what appear to him to be surprising patterns

Tries to count words around these found words, finds no discernable numerical cipher or pattern, then realizes the modern editions have extra words added etc.

Goes back to First Folio, first reduced edition then Staunton (because text was larger and more legible)
Notices odd pagination of F1

“It seemed to me that these repeated instances of Henry V., Troilus and Cressida, Julius Caesar and Timon of Athens proved conclusively that there was some secret depending upon the paging of the Folio, and that these plays had been written upon the basis of a cipher which did not correspond with the natural paging of the Folio; and that this paging had to be forcibly departed from in this way, and continued, per order, even when the printers were correcting minor errors.” (553)

Goes back to page 53 of histories, where word Bacon occurs; counted to the next Bacon, found it was the 371st word; then divided 371 by 53, and the quotient is seven – then notices that there are seven italic words on the first column of page 53 – notes that this is surprising, because requires a certain kind of typographic intervention, e.g. making some words hyphenated, to make exactly 371

Keeps doing this with other words like St Albans, finds the quotient is 6, and there are 6 italic words on the page
Explains away the quartos by saying that if he did not print the plays during Shakespeare’s lifetime with the cipher in them, men would say in the future that the plays were really Shakespeare’s and that Bacon had stolen them and interjected a cipher in them (562-3) -”And so he published some of them in quarto.”

== Orville Ward Owen, Sir Francis Bacon’s Cipher Story (1893) ==

recounted (probably unreliably) in Virginia Fellows, ''The Shakespeare Code'' – note goodreads reviews of it: https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/186779#CommunityReviews

Fellows gives the cipher wheel to the Summit Lighthouse/University; 2008 NBC News article on this cult: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27911980

Mythic Detroit on Owen: https://www.mythicdetroit.org/index.php?n=Main.DrOrvilleWardOwen

Dr. Carla Groenewegen (of Summit University) on Owen's cipher wheel: https://francisbaconsociety.co.uk/baconiana-journals/baconiana-journals-2007-present/baconiana-vol1-no6/#orville-owens-cipher-wheel

6 volumes (only 5 were published)

Several versions of volume 1 on Google books; one has no preface, another describes some “aids” available through the publisher, another has clippings from Detroit newspapers praising the methods

In these clippings, the method is said not to be a hoax because Owen is not capable of literary talent, it is a merely “mechanical” method

Not only plays credited to Shakespare but also George Peele, Christopher Marlow, Robert Greene, and the works of Burton and Spenser

“Argument: Bacon vs. Shakespeare” at the end of volume 1

“This startling statement (with the exception of Spencer’s Faerie-Queene) has been before advanced by Mrs. Pott, William White, J. E. Roe and others, but none of these authors has ever produced the proofs, taken from the plays, allegories, or prose works, of their claims. The keys and cipher have now been found, which unlock the strangely hidden writings, and the hidden story is being rapidly deciphered. I offer as evidence the works themselves as proof of the single authorship, and I request the readers to set aside the different names upon the title pages and ask thesmelves whether two or more men could have written so exactly alike.” (1)

Makes similar argument to Donnelly, that some passages seem out of place and so could only be placed there for purposes of cipher

Finding similar paragraphs in Bacon proves similar authorship

“We find concordant lines, similar paragraphs, and absolute words and thoughts, that are peculiar in themselves, and could have emanated but from one brain. In “As You Like It,” and in the Essay on “Beauty,” and in “Hamlet,” that a handsome and beautiful woman was not and could not be honest and virtuous. It is beyond the thought of man that two men should have, at different periods, brought forth the same idea of virtue and beauty, an idea which is horrible, and showing a low grade of virtue in the handsome and better class of women in his day.” (11)

Volume 2 has cipher wheel pictures at the beginning

== Elizabeth Wells Gallup, The Bi-lateral Cipher of Francis Bacon (1899) ==

Elizabeth Wells Gallup books: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Gallup%2C%20Elizabeth%20Wells%2C%201846%2D

Many of her papers in the Bacon cipher collection at NYPL

Harvard has Houghton Mifflin record of her book's readers' report: https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/archival_objects/744413

Says it confirms Owen’s word cipher

Takes pains to emphasize that she’s attempted to secure “the old original books necessary” (15)

Later says in publisher’s note to the third edition, “The old books necessary to the research could not be procured in America, and during the summer of 1900 Mrs. Gallup and her assistant, Miss Kate E. Wells, visited England to carry on the work in that treasure house of early literature, the British Museum.” (76)

== Kate H. Prescott, Reminisces of a Baconian (1949) ==

== Furness ==

Furness papers at Penn have two letters about Owen cipher wheel, one signed by Owen himself setting up the cipher wheel's method in opposition to editing

Furness on Baconian theory: Horace Howard Furness wrote in a letter that, "Donnelly's theory about Bacon's authorship is too foolish to be seriously answered. I don't think he started it for any other purpose than notoriety. I believe he doesn't attempt to show that Bacon corrected the proof-sheets of the First Folio, and no human foresight could have told how the printed line would run, and have so regulated the MSS. To Donnelly's theory the pagination & the number of lines in a page are essential."[58]

== Recent scholarship ==

David Kahn, ''The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing'' (1967)

John Michell, ''Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions'' (1984)
* Includes chapters on Delia Bacon, Donnelly, and Owen, offering a general overview of their work

Marjorie Garber, ''Shakespeare's Ghost Writers'' (1987)
* misses context of facsimiles
* points out that Harvard played a significant role in authorship controversies

Shawn Rosenheim, ''The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Allen Poe to the Internet'' (1997)
* mostly interested in Poe, has a chapter on telegraphy and how it helped spur on interest in cryptography

Glazener on Delia Bacon, Lesser respons (2007)
* includes quote from Lesser: It is worth thinking far more carefully than we have about how that quest for a "mystic cipher"-so laughable when used to anagrammatize the first letter of each capitalized word in the engraving on Shakespeare's funeral monument, or to string together every tenth word of every sixth sonnet in the 1609 edition-is different from the kind of searches for "meanings, behind the ostent," or from what Fredric Jameson calls the "transformation[s] of a given text into an allegory of its particular master code" (58), that get published every few months in Shakespeare Quarterly or ELH. I mean this not as a facile rhetorical question that would assume either that there is or that there is not a real difference between these two
types of quest, but rather, in the spirit of Glazener's essay, as an open question for historical investigation, and especially for book-historical investigation (353-4)

James Simpson, ''Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?'' (2010)

Bruce Danner, "The Anonymous Shakespeare," in Anonymity in Early Modern England (2011)
* blames Shakespearean scholarship for anti-Statfordianism, accuses Shakespearean scholars of themselves not using solid or coherent evidence when devising Shakespeare's biography

Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells, eds., ''Shakespeare Beyond Doubt'' (2013)

Jason Fagone, ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes'' (2017)
* about Elizebeth Friedman, includes some beginning sections on her work with Elizabeth Wells Gallup

Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians

2026-03-09T19:22:18Z

Wtrettien: /* Recent scholarship */

Bacon cipher collection NYPL
* Some has been digitized: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keywords=bacon+cipher
Finding aid: https://archives.nypl.org/mss/176

== Delia Bacon, The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded (1857) ==

“'It was a time when authors, who treated of a scientific politics and of a scientific ethics internally connected with it, naturally preferred this more philosophic, symbolic method of indicating their connection with their writings, which would limit the indication to those who could pierce within the veil of a philosophic symbolism. It was the time when the cipher, in which one could write 'omnia per omnia,' was in such request, and when 'wheel ciphers' and 'doubles' were thought not unworthy of philosophic notice. It was a time, too, when the phonographic art was cultivated, and put to other uses than at present, and when a 'nom de plume' was required for other purposes than to serve as the refuge of an author's modesty, or vanity, or caprice. It was a time when puns, and charades, and enigmas, and anagrams, and monograms, and ciphers, and puzzles, were not good for sport and child's play merely; when they had need to be close; when they had need to be solvable, at least, only to those who should solve them. It was a time when all the latent capacities of the English language were put in requisition, and it was flashing and crackling, through all its lengths and breadths, with puns and quips, and conceits, and jokes, and satires, and inlined with philosophic secrets that opened down "into the bottom of a tomb"—that opened into the Tower—that opened on the scaffold and the block.'”

Folger has Delia Bacon’s papers

Vivian Hopkins wrote a biography of her, Prodigal Puritan: A Life of Delia Bacon (1959); Hopkins’ papers are at SUNY Albany: https://archives.albany.edu/description/catalog/ua902-003

== Ignatius Donnelly, The Great Cryptogram (1888) ==

Comes across his child’s book which mention’s Bacon’s cipher

Goes back to Bacon’s work, shows all the ways he is concerned with ciphering

Begins looking in Shakespeare’s work for mentions of Bacon, Shake, Spear, St. Albans, Nicholas (Bacon’s father), Francis, etc. – finds what appear to him to be surprising patterns

Tries to count words around these found words, finds no discernable numerical cipher or pattern, then realizes the modern editions have extra words added etc.

Goes back to First Folio, first reduced edition then Staunton (because text was larger and more legible)
Notices odd pagination of F1

“It seemed to me that these repeated instances of Henry V., Troilus and Cressida, Julius Caesar and Timon of Athens proved conclusively that there was some secret depending upon the paging of the Folio, and that these plays had been written upon the basis of a cipher which did not correspond with the natural paging of the Folio; and that this paging had to be forcibly departed from in this way, and continued, per order, even when the printers were correcting minor errors.” (553)

Goes back to page 53 of histories, where word Bacon occurs; counted to the next Bacon, found it was the 371st word; then divided 371 by 53, and the quotient is seven – then notices that there are seven italic words on the first column of page 53 – notes that this is surprising, because requires a certain kind of typographic intervention, e.g. making some words hyphenated, to make exactly 371

Keeps doing this with other words like St Albans, finds the quotient is 6, and there are 6 italic words on the page
Explains away the quartos by saying that if he did not print the plays during Shakespeare’s lifetime with the cipher in them, men would say in the future that the plays were really Shakespeare’s and that Bacon had stolen them and interjected a cipher in them (562-3) -”And so he published some of them in quarto.”

== Orville Ward Owen, Sir Francis Bacon’s Cipher Story (1893) ==

recounted (probably unreliably) in Virginia Fellows, ''The Shakespeare Code'' – note goodreads reviews of it: https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/186779#CommunityReviews

Fellows gives the cipher wheel to the Summit Lighthouse/University; 2008 NBC News article on this cult: https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27911980

Mythic Detroit on Owen: https://www.mythicdetroit.org/index.php?n=Main.DrOrvilleWardOwen

Dr. Carla Groenewegen (of Summit University) on Owen's cipher wheel: https://francisbaconsociety.co.uk/baconiana-journals/baconiana-journals-2007-present/baconiana-vol1-no6/#orville-owens-cipher-wheel

6 volumes (only 5 were published)

Several versions of volume 1 on Google books; one has no preface, another describes some “aids” available through the publisher, another has clippings from Detroit newspapers praising the methods

In these clippings, the method is said not to be a hoax because Owen is not capable of literary talent, it is a merely “mechanical” method

Not only plays credited to Shakespare but also George Peele, Christopher Marlow, Robert Greene, and the works of Burton and Spenser

“Argument: Bacon vs. Shakespeare” at the end of volume 1

“This startling statement (with the exception of Spencer’s Faerie-Queene) has been before advanced by Mrs. Pott, William White, J. E. Roe and others, but none of these authors has ever produced the proofs, taken from the plays, allegories, or prose works, of their claims. The keys and cipher have now been found, which unlock the strangely hidden writings, and the hidden story is being rapidly deciphered. I offer as evidence the works themselves as proof of the single authorship, and I request the readers to set aside the different names upon the title pages and ask thesmelves whether two or more men could have written so exactly alike.” (1)

Makes similar argument to Donnelly, that some passages seem out of place and so could only be placed there for purposes of cipher

Finding similar paragraphs in Bacon proves similar authorship

“We find concordant lines, similar paragraphs, and absolute words and thoughts, that are peculiar in themselves, and could have emanated but from one brain. In “As You Like It,” and in the Essay on “Beauty,” and in “Hamlet,” that a handsome and beautiful woman was not and could not be honest and virtuous. It is beyond the thought of man that two men should have, at different periods, brought forth the same idea of virtue and beauty, an idea which is horrible, and showing a low grade of virtue in the handsome and better class of women in his day.” (11)

Volume 2 has cipher wheel pictures at the beginning

== Elizabeth Wells Gallup, The Bi-lateral Cipher of Francis Bacon (1899) ==

Elizabeth Wells Gallup books: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Gallup%2C%20Elizabeth%20Wells%2C%201846%2D

Many of her papers in the Bacon cipher collection at NYPL

Harvard has Houghton Mifflin record of her book's readers' report: https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/archival_objects/744413

Says it confirms Owen’s word cipher

Takes pains to emphasize that she’s attempted to secure “the old original books necessary” (15)

Later says in publisher’s note to the third edition, “The old books necessary to the research could not be procured in America, and during the summer of 1900 Mrs. Gallup and her assistant, Miss Kate E. Wells, visited England to carry on the work in that treasure house of early literature, the British Museum.” (76)

== Kate H. Prescott, Reminisces of a Baconian (1949) ==

== Furness ==

Furness papers at Penn have two letters about Owen cipher wheel, one signed by Owen himself setting up the cipher wheel's method in opposition to editing

Furness on Baconian theory: Horace Howard Furness wrote in a letter that, "Donnelly's theory about Bacon's authorship is too foolish to be seriously answered. I don't think he started it for any other purpose than notoriety. I believe he doesn't attempt to show that Bacon corrected the proof-sheets of the First Folio, and no human foresight could have told how the printed line would run, and have so regulated the MSS. To Donnelly's theory the pagination & the number of lines in a page are essential."[58]

== Recent scholarship ==

David Kahn, ''The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing'' (1967)

John Michell, ''Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions'' (1984)
* Includes chapters on Delia Bacon, Donnelly, and Owen, offering a general overview of their work

Marjorie Garber, ''Shakespeare's Ghost Writers'' (1987)
* misses context of facsimiles
* points out that Harvard played a significant role in authorship controversies

Shawn Rosenheim, ''The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Allen Poe to the Internet'' (1997)
* mostly interested in Poe, has a chapter on telegraphy and how it helped spur on interest in cryptography

Glazener on Delia Bacon, Lesser respons (2007)
* includes quote from Lesser: It is worth thinking far more carefully than we have about how that quest for a "mystic cipher"-so laughable when used to anagrammatize the first letter of each capitalized word in the engraving on Shakespeare's funeral monument, or to string together every tenth word of every sixth sonnet in the 1609 edition-is different from the kind of searches for "meanings, behind the ostent," or from what Fredric Jameson calls the "transformation[s] of a given text into an allegory of its particular master code" (58), that get published every few months in Shakespeare Quarterly or ELH. I mean this not as a facile rhetorical question that would assume either that there is or that there is not a real difference between these two
types of quest, but rather, in the spirit of Glazener's essay, as an open question for historical investigation, and especially for book-historical investigation (353-4)

James Simpson, ''Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?'' (2010)

Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells, eds., ''Shakespeare Beyond Doubt'' (2013)

Jason Fagone, ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes'' (2017)
* about Elizebeth Friedman, includes some beginning sections on her work with Elizabeth Wells Gallup

Automata

2026-02-18T15:41:18Z

Wtrettien:

== Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines ==

Programmable machine:
* https://www.technischesmuseum.at/tmw-zine/ki-zine/schreiben_wie_von_selbst
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUoDSNDj4U

Von Knaus became a Catholic in 1754; see page 21 of his Schribmaschine

From Computer Timeline website:

During his show in front of Emperor Franz I, on 4 October 1760, the Writer of von Knaus filled the Emperor and the entire Court with wonder, by writing under his eyes the following headwork in French:
Dear Sir, do me the honor of listening to me and to what I am writing for you. The world thought that I would never be perfected by my maker, he was even so persecuted, that it was possible: but now, he put me into such a state that I write all languages, despite all his envious people, and I am truly, Dear Lord, the most loyal secretary.
— for this quote, see page 83 of von Knaus’s text

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

“Automata actually writing were first manufactured in the eighteenth century and were surprisingly successful. These mechanical writers and draughtsmen rank high among the most perfect (or if it is preferred, least imperfect) imitations of human beings.” (289)

Friedrich Von Knaus — 4 machines

1. 1753, presented to different courts, female hand dipping in ink, writes VIVAT LUDOVICUS CAROLUS CLEMENS-AUGUSTUS in printing letters; was presented July 16, 1753 to Louis XV at Versailles and then on December 28 1753 to Prince and Duke of Lothringen at Brussels in the Netherlands; then in December 16, 1756 to Electoral Highness Clemens August, in Bonn, as the capital of his dominion

2. Presented on March 28, 1758, to his Majesty the late Emperor Francis I; says that a hand appears from a frame representing glories of the reign, writing AUSTRIACAE DOMUI DEUS and some lines from Virgil like “new metas serum new temporary ponat” (I set no limits in space or time)

3. Grand Duke of Tuscany received as a gift in 1767 from (the emperor?); six lines of script visible in 4 minutes; 6 lines saying: HUIC DOMUI DEUS NEC METAS RERUM NECT TEMPORA PONAT.

4. 1760, 4 October, shown to Emperor Franz I, wrote a letter in French that read: “MONSIEUR! Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci. Le monde a cru, que je ne ferois ja-mais perfectionné par mon crésteur, même on le perfécuta tant, quil fut pofible: mais maintenant il m'amis dans un tel état, que j écris toutes les lanques; malgré tous fes envieux, et je fuis en vérité MONSIEUR le plus fidel Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.” — praised and kept and preserved in Imperial and Royal physical and mathematical cabinet in the Homburg; is different in appearance than the others; goddess personifies Providence and the idea that no Prince can rule without this guidance — around page 51-52 in his Schreibmaschine, von Knauss describs how the other machines were trained only for a single court, repeating the same rote phrases, while this one “is suitable for all courts, for she is a goddess” — you can see the inner workings (and the pictures in the book show the workings now, unlike the others) — it writes in Latin, Rench, Spanish, English, and many other languages; can fill two sides of a quarto sheet in 15 minutes; never writes the same thing twice — explanation on page 53-4

Page 53-6, describes last writing machine’s mechanism:

sie, die osterwähnte Wundermaschine,
hat zwen scheinbare Werkzeuge, oder mechanische
Mittel, die sie Jedermann darbiethet, um desselben Gedanken zu erfahren und auszufuhren. Will man ihr blos etwas, es sen hernach, was es nur will, andictiren; so nimmt man in eine hand seinen gemachten Aussak, teckt ihn auf der unterhalb wo angebrachten Walze, vermittelst der daben liegenden Steckstistchen, recht vom Worte zu Worte ab, zieh ruckwarts auf, und lasst sie sofort gleichwohl schreiben, bis sie ganz fertig ist; sie wird schon selbst authoren, wenn si keine Anrichtung von dem ihr aufgegebenen Thema mehr hat. man kann sicher sie ganz allein lassen, und unterdessen seinen Geschaften willkurlich nachgehen. -- Will man aber diess nicht, sondern sich gegenwartig mit ihr unterhalten, so braucht man die ganze mathematische Walze nicht, die man beliebig sogar herausnehmen und ganz weglegen kann, gleichwie es mire der Herr Grosskunstler auf mein Verlangen bereits gethan hatte: man darf alsdenn nur das nachst daben vorscheinende Register, nach dessen sichtharem alphabethe daselbst, beruhren, und seine Willensmennung, seine innersten Gedanken, fren vom Kopfe her, ohne weiteres Zeichen, ihr auf diese simpelste Weis zu verstehen geben, oder ben sich erst selbst etwas im Sinne auf-und zusammenseken; kurz:man darf nur denken, und darnach den Fingerzeig ihr geben, so weiss sie schon das Geheimniss unserer Gedanken, sie entwirst sie augenblicklich, wis bringst sie zu Papier, ganze nach eigener Willfuhr des denkenden, ohne, das dieser mi Reden seine Brust und Stimme zuvor anstrengen, und erschopfen musse. Aus welchem dann klar am Tage liegt, dass diese Gottermaschine ihre Kunst auf zweyerley Art machen kann, als namlich vermitelst der Walze, da man allese auf einmal zugleich ihre ehe aufgiebt, und sie sofort fur sich allein das Thema verarbeiten lasst; oder vermittelst des Registers, da man hingegen von Schritt zu Schritt gleichsam mit ihr blos im Gedanken, ohne hinterlassenen Steckzeichen, fort arbeitet, und ihr blos auf Augenblicke, nur im Borubergehen seine Geheimnisse wissen lasst, oder ja recht flugsweis anvertrauet. -- Auf solche Art verdoppelt sich das Wunder, und wachst der Werth dieser alles screibenden Maschine ganz ausnehmend eben daher, weil die Walze und das Register miteinander gar keine Berbindung haben, sondern vollkommen unabhangig und fur sich allein zu ihren handlungen und Wirkungen erklecklich sind. Es ist demnach gerade so viel, als wenn unser Herr Mechaniker nicht nur eine einzige, sondern gar zwo -- und noch dazu auf zwenerlen Bortheile, selbst schreibende Maschinen, folgsam zwey unterschiedene Kunst und Meisterstucke in einem vensammen erfunden, versertiget und verewiget hatte.

This aforementioned wondrous machine
has two apparent tools, or mechanical
means, which it offers to everyone to understand and execute their thoughts. If one simply wants to dictate something to it, whatever it may be, one takes the prepared statement in one hand, places it on the roller located below, using the accompanying pins, precisely word for word, pulls it back, and lets it write immediately until it is completely finished; it will even author on its own when it has no further instructions on the given topic. One can safely leave it entirely alone and pursue one's business at will in the meantime. -- But if one does not want to do this, but rather converse with it in person, then one does not need the entire mathematical roller, which can even be removed and put away completely, as the great artist had already done for me at my request: one then only needs to touch the register appearing next to it, according to the visible alphabet there, and communicate one's intentions, one's innermost thoughts, freely from the mind, without any further signs, in this simplest way, or first compose and assemble something in one's mind; in short: one only needs to think and then give it a sign, and it already knows the secret of our thoughts, it instantly drafts them, brings them to paper, entirely according to the free will of the thinking person, without the latter having to strain and exhaust their chest and voice by speaking beforehand. From which it is then clearly evident that this divine machine can perform its art in two ways, namely by means of the roller, where everything is given to it all at once, and it immediately processes the topic on its own; or by means of the register, since, on the other hand, one works with it step by step, as it were, purely in thought, without leaving any visible marks, and only allows it to know its secrets for brief moments, only in passing, or even entrusts them to it very quickly. In this way, the wonder is doubled, and the value of this all-writing machine increases exceptionally precisely because the cylinder and the register have no connection with each other, but are completely independent and sufficient in themselves for their actions and effects. It is therefore just as if our master mechanic had invented, constructed, and immortalized not just one, but two—and moreover, two machines with different advantages—self-writing machines, consequently two distinct works of art and masterpieces, all in one.

More that the machine wrote around page 58-9

Could write as many as 107 words

Last of Von Knauss’s writers was presented to Austrian Emperor on October 4, 1760; wrote passage of 68 words in French

MONSIEUR!

Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci.

Le monde a cru, que je ne serois jamais perfectionné par mon créateur, même on le persécuta tant, qu'il fut possible: mais maintenant il m'a mis dans un tel état, que j’ écris toutes les lanques, malgré tous ses envieux, et je suis en vérité

MONSIEUR
le plus fidel
Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.

(quoted in Selbstscreibende Wundermaschinen page 45)

Von Knaus wrote Selbstschreibende Wundermaschinen (1780) — “Malassis of Paris found an original piece of mechanical writing folded in with one of the plates” (291)

Seems the first three writers only produced a set text; the latter could be programmed

34 levers; each pushes on a large horizontal cylinder; cylinder has ratchet wheel of 79 teeth

Cylinder has 34 rows of 79 holes which pegs can be put into

Pegs control what letter is written

== Jacquet-Droz writing machine ==

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

Complete by 1772; displayed around Europe along with draughtsman, musician, and grotto

Distinguishes between light and heavy strokes, leaves spaces between words, changes lines

“To compose a text, the disc is taken out and the wedges are adjusted to produce the desired letters.”

== Maillardet’s writing machine ==

On the one that turned up in Philadelphia: https://fi.edu/en/science-and-education/collection/maillardets-automaton

Father Charles Paris’s writing machine
 Lazarite monk; sent to China to succeed Jesuit fathers and continue French mission

studied automata, carillon, etc before going to China; Emperor Kien-Long asked him to make a new version of the automata the King of England had sent him

Made one 4-5 tall, wrote praises of Emperor in Chinese, Tartar, Mongol, Tibetan

Houdin draughtsman-writer

Exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1844

Automata

2026-02-18T15:36:30Z

Wtrettien: /* Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines */

== Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines ==

Programmable machine:
* https://www.technischesmuseum.at/tmw-zine/ki-zine/schreiben_wie_von_selbst
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUoDSNDj4U

Von Knaus became a Catholic in 1754; see page 21 of his Schribmaschine

From Computer Timeline website:

During his show in front of Emperor Franz I, on 4 October 1760, the Writer of von Knaus filled the Emperor and the entire Court with wonder, by writing under his eyes the following headwork in French:
Dear Sir, do me the honor of listening to me and to what I am writing for you. The world thought that I would never be perfected by my maker, he was even so persecuted, that it was possible: but now, he put me into such a state that I write all languages, despite all his envious people, and I am truly, Dear Lord, the most loyal secretary.
— for this quote, see page 83 of von Knaus’s text

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

“Automata actually writing were first manufactured in the eighteenth century and were surprisingly successful. These mechanical writers and draughtsmen rank high among the most perfect (or if it is preferred, least imperfect) imitations of human beings.” (289)

Friedrich Von Knaus — 4 machines

1. 1753, presented to different courts, female hand dipping in ink, writes VIVAT LUDOVICUS CAROLUS CLEMENS-AUGUSTUS in printing letters; was presented July 16, 1753 to Louis XV at Versailles and then on December 28 1753 to Prince and Duke of Lothringen at Brussels in the Netherlands; then in December 16, 1756 to Electoral Highness Clemens August, in Bonn, as the capital of his dominion
2. Presented on March 28, 1758, to his Majesty the late Emperor Francis I; says that a hand appears from a frame representing glories of the reign, writing AUSTRIACAE DOMUI DEUS and some lines from Virgil like “new metas serum new temporary ponat” (I set no limits in space or time)
3. Grand Duke of Tuscany received as a gift in 1767 from (the emperor?); six lines of script visible in 4 minutes; 6 lines saying: HUIC DOMUI DEUS NEC METAS RERUM NECT TEMPORA PONAT.
4. 1760, 4 October, shown to Emperor Franz I, wrote a letter in French that read: “MONSIEUR! Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci. Le monde a cru, que je ne ferois ja-mais perfectionné par mon crésteur, même on le perfécuta tant, quil fut pofible: mais maintenant il m'amis dans un tel état, que j écris toutes les lanques; malgré tous fes envieux, et je fuis en vérité MONSIEUR le plus fidel Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.” — praised and kept and preserved in Imperial and Royal physical and mathematical cabinet in the Homburg; is different in appearance than the others; goddess personifies Providence and the idea that no Prince can rule without this guidance — around page 51-52 in his Schreibmaschine, von Knauss describs how the other machines were trained only for a single court, repeating the same rote phrases, while this one “is suitable for all courts, for she is a goddess” — you can see the inner workings (and the pictures in the book show the workings now, unlike the others) — it writes in Latin, Rench, Spanish, English, and many other languages; can fill two sides of a quarto sheet in 15 minutes; never writes the same thing twice — explanation on page 53-4

Page 53-6, describes last writing machine’s mechanism:

sie, die osterwähnte Wundermaschine,
hat zwen scheinbare Werkzeuge, oder mechanische
Mittel, die sie Jedermann darbiethet, um desselben Gedanken zu erfahren und auszufuhren. Will man ihr blos etwas, es sen hernach, was es nur will, andictiren; so nimmt man in eine hand seinen gemachten Aussak, teckt ihn auf der unterhalb wo angebrachten Walze, vermittelst der daben liegenden Steckstistchen, recht vom Worte zu Worte ab, zieh ruckwarts auf, und lasst sie sofort gleichwohl schreiben, bis sie ganz fertig ist; sie wird schon selbst authoren, wenn si keine Anrichtung von dem ihr aufgegebenen Thema mehr hat. man kann sicher sie ganz allein lassen, und unterdessen seinen Geschaften willkurlich nachgehen. -- Will man aber diess nicht, sondern sich gegenwartig mit ihr unterhalten, so braucht man die ganze mathematische Walze nicht, die man beliebig sogar herausnehmen und ganz weglegen kann, gleichwie es mire der Herr Grosskunstler auf mein Verlangen bereits gethan hatte: man darf alsdenn nur das nachst daben vorscheinende Register, nach dessen sichtharem alphabethe daselbst, beruhren, und seine Willensmennung, seine innersten Gedanken, fren vom Kopfe her, ohne weiteres Zeichen, ihr auf diese simpelste Weis zu verstehen geben, oder ben sich erst selbst etwas im Sinne auf-und zusammenseken; kurz:man darf nur denken, und darnach den Fingerzeig ihr geben, so weiss sie schon das Geheimniss unserer Gedanken, sie entwirst sie augenblicklich, wis bringst sie zu Papier, ganze nach eigener Willfuhr des denkenden, ohne, das dieser mi Reden seine Brust und Stimme zuvor anstrengen, und erschopfen musse. Aus welchem dann klar am Tage liegt, dass diese Gottermaschine ihre Kunst auf zweyerley Art machen kann, als namlich vermitelst der Walze, da man allese auf einmal zugleich ihre ehe aufgiebt, und sie sofort fur sich allein das Thema verarbeiten lasst; oder vermittelst des Registers, da man hingegen von Schritt zu Schritt gleichsam mit ihr blos im Gedanken, ohne hinterlassenen Steckzeichen, fort arbeitet, und ihr blos auf Augenblicke, nur im Borubergehen seine Geheimnisse wissen lasst, oder ja recht flugsweis anvertrauet. -- Auf solche Art verdoppelt sich das Wunder, und wachst der Werth dieser alles screibenden Maschine ganz ausnehmend eben daher, weil die Walze und das Register miteinander gar keine Berbindung haben, sondern vollkommen unabhangig und fur sich allein zu ihren handlungen und Wirkungen erklecklich sind. Es ist demnach gerade so viel, als wenn unser Herr Mechaniker nicht nur eine einzige, sondern gar zwo -- und noch dazu auf zwenerlen Bortheile, selbst schreibende Maschinen, folgsam zwey unterschiedene Kunst und Meisterstucke in einem vensammen erfunden, versertiget und verewiget hatte.

This aforementioned wondrous machine
has two apparent tools, or mechanical
means, which it offers to everyone to understand and execute their thoughts. If one simply wants to dictate something to it, whatever it may be, one takes the prepared statement in one hand, places it on the roller located below, using the accompanying pins, precisely word for word, pulls it back, and lets it write immediately until it is completely finished; it will even author on its own when it has no further instructions on the given topic. One can safely leave it entirely alone and pursue one's business at will in the meantime. -- But if one does not want to do this, but rather converse with it in person, then one does not need the entire mathematical roller, which can even be removed and put away completely, as the great artist had already done for me at my request: one then only needs to touch the register appearing next to it, according to the visible alphabet there, and communicate one's intentions, one's innermost thoughts, freely from the mind, without any further signs, in this simplest way, or first compose and assemble something in one's mind; in short: one only needs to think and then give it a sign, and it already knows the secret of our thoughts, it instantly drafts them, brings them to paper, entirely according to the free will of the thinking person, without the latter having to strain and exhaust their chest and voice by speaking beforehand. From which it is then clearly evident that this divine machine can perform its art in two ways, namely by means of the roller, where everything is given to it all at once, and it immediately processes the topic on its own; or by means of the register, since, on the other hand, one works with it step by step, as it were, purely in thought, without leaving any visible marks, and only allows it to know its secrets for brief moments, only in passing, or even entrusts them to it very quickly. In this way, the wonder is doubled, and the value of this all-writing machine increases exceptionally precisely because the cylinder and the register have no connection with each other, but are completely independent and sufficient in themselves for their actions and effects. It is therefore just as if our master mechanic had invented, constructed, and immortalized not just one, but two—and moreover, two machines with different advantages—self-writing machines, consequently two distinct works of art and masterpieces, all in one.

More that the machine wrote around page 58-9

Could write as many as 107 words

Last of Von Knauss’s writers was presented to Austrian Emperor on October 4, 1760; wrote passage of 68 words in French

MONSIEUR!

Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci.

Le monde a cru, que je ne serois jamais perfectionné par mon créateur, même on le persécuta tant, qu'il fut possible: mais maintenant il m'a mis dans un tel état, que j’ écris toutes les lanques, malgré tous ses envieux, et je suis en vérité

MONSIEUR
le plus fidel
Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.

(quoted in Selbstscreibende Wundermaschinen page 45)

Von Knaus wrote Selbstschreibende Wundermaschinen (1780) — “Malassis of Paris found an original piece of mechanical writing folded in with one of the plates” (291)

Seems the first three writers only produced a set text; the latter could be programmed

34 levers; each pushes on a large horizontal cylinder; cylinder has ratchet wheel of 79 teeth

Cylinder has 34 rows of 79 holes which pegs can be put into

Pegs control what letter is written

== Jacquet-Droz writing machine ==

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

Complete by 1772; displayed around Europe along with draughtsman, musician, and grotto

Distinguishes between light and heavy strokes, leaves spaces between words, changes lines

“To compose a text, the disc is taken out and the wedges are adjusted to produce the desired letters.”

== Maillardet’s writing machine ==

On the one that turned up in Philadelphia: https://fi.edu/en/science-and-education/collection/maillardets-automaton

Father Charles Paris’s writing machine
 Lazarite monk; sent to China to succeed Jesuit fathers and continue French mission

studied automata, carillon, etc before going to China; Emperor Kien-Long asked him to make a new version of the automata the King of England had sent him

Made one 4-5 tall, wrote praises of Emperor in Chinese, Tartar, Mongol, Tibetan

Houdin draughtsman-writer

Exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1844

Automata

2026-02-18T15:24:48Z

Wtrettien:

== Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines ==

Programmable machine:
* https://www.technischesmuseum.at/tmw-zine/ki-zine/schreiben_wie_von_selbst
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUoDSNDj4U

Von Knaus became a Catholic in 1754; see page 21 of his Schribmaschine

From Computer Timeline website:

During his show in front of Emperor Franz I, on 4 October 1760, the Writer of von Knaus filled the Emperor and the entire Court with wonder, by writing under his eyes the following headwork in French:
Dear Sir, do me the honor of listening to me and to what I am writing for you. The world thought that I would never be perfected by my maker, he was even so persecuted, that it was possible: but now, he put me into such a state that I write all languages, despite all his envious people, and I am truly, Dear Lord, the most loyal secretary.
— for this quote, see page 83 of von Knaus’s text

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

“Automata actually writing were first manufactured in the eighteenth century and were surprisingly successful. These mechanical writers and draughtsmen rank high among the most perfect (or if it is preferred, least imperfect) imitations of human beings.” (289)

Friedrich Von Knaus — 4 machines

1. 1753, presented to different courts, female hand dipping in ink, writes VIVAT LUDOVICUS CAROLUS CLEMENS-AUGUSTUS in printing letters; was presented July 16, 1753 to Louis XV at Versailles and then on December 28 1753 to Prince and Duke of Lothringen at Brussels in the Netherlands; then in December 16, 1756 to Electoral Highness Clemens August, in Bonn, as the capital of his dominion
2. Presented on March 28, 1758, to his Majesty the late Emperor Francis I; says that a hand appears from a frame representing glories of the reign, writing AUSTRIACAE DOMUI DEUS and some lines from Virgil like “new metas serum new temporary ponat” (I set no limits in space or time)
3. Grand Duke of Tuscany received as a gift in 1767 from (the emperor?); six lines of script visible in 4 minutes; 6 lines saying: HUIC DOMUI DEUS NEC METAS RERUM NECT TEMPORA PONAT.
4. 1760, 4 October, shown to Emperor Franz I, wrote a letter in French that read: “MONSIEUR! Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci. Le monde a cru, que je ne ferois ja-mais perfectionné par mon crésteur, même on le perfécuta tant, quil fut pofible: mais maintenant il m'amis dans un tel état, que j écris toutes les lanques; malgré tous fes envieux, et je fuis en vérité MONSIEUR le plus fidel Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.” — praised and kept and preserved in Imperial and Royal physical and mathematical cabinet in the Homburg; is different in appearance than the others; goddess personifies Providence and the idea that no Prince can rule without this guidance — around page 51-52 in his Schreibmaschine, von Knauss describs how the other machines were trained only for a single court, repeating the same rote phrases, while this one “is suitable for all courts, for she is a goddess” — you can see the inner workings (and the pictures in the book show the workings now, unlike the others) — it writes in Latin, Rench, Spanish, English, and many other languages; can fill two sides of a quarto sheet in 15 minutes; never writes the same thing twice — explanation on page 53-4

Page 53-6, describes last writing machine’s mechanism:

sie, die osterwähnte Wundermaschine,
hat zwen scheinbare Werkzeuge, oder mechanische
Mittel, die sie Jedermann darbiethet, um desselben Gedanken zu erfahren und auszufuhren. Will man ihr blos etwas, es sen hernach, was es nur will, andictiren; so nimmt man in eine hand seinen gemachten Aussak, teckt ihn auf der unterhalb wo angebrachten Walze, vermittelst der daben liegenden Steckstistchen, recht vom Worte zu Worte ab, zieh ruckwarts auf, und lasst sie sofort gleichwohl schreiben, bis sie ganz fertig ist; sie wird schon selbst authoren, wenn si keine Anrichtung von dem ihr aufgegebenen Thema mehr hat. man kann sicher sie ganz allein lassen, und unterdessen seinen Geschaften willkurlich nachgehen. -- Will man aber diess nicht, sondern sich gegenwartig mit ihr unterhalten, so braucht man die ganze mathematische Walze nicht, die man beliebig sogar herausnehmen und ganz weglegen kann, gleichwie es mire der Herr Grosskunstler auf mein Verlangen bereits gethan hatte: man darf alsdenn nur das nachst daben vorscheinende Register, nach dessen sichtharem alphabethe daselbst, beruhren, und seine Willensmennung, seine innersten Gedanken, fren vom Kopfe her, ohne weiteres Zeichen, ihr auf diese simpelste Weis zu verstehen geben, oder ben sich erst selbst etwas im Sinne auf-und zusammenseken; kurz:man darf nur denken, und darnach den Fingerzeig ihr geben, so weiss sie schon das Geheimniss unserer Gedanken, sie entwirst sie augenblicklich, wis bringst sie zu Papier, ganze nach eigener Willfuhr des denkenden, ohne, das dieser mi Reden seine Brust und Stimme zuvor anstrengen, und erschopfen musse. Aus welchem dann klar am Tage liegt, dass diese Gottermaschine ihre Kunst auf zweyerley Art machen kann, als namlich vermitelst der Walze, da man allese auf einmal zugleich ihre ehe aufgiebt, und sie sofort fur sich allein das Thema verarbeiten lasst; oder vermittelst des Registers, da man hingegen von Schritt zu Schritt gleichsam mit ihr blos im Gedanken, ohne hinterlassenen Steckzeichen, fort arbeitet, und ihr blos auf Augenblicke, nur im Borubergehen seine Geheimnisse wissen lasst, oder ja recht flugsweis anvertrauet. -- Auf solche Art verdoppelt sich das Wunder, und wachst der Werth dieser alles screibenden Maschine ganz ausnehmend eben daher, weil die Walze und das Register miteinander gar keine Berbindung haben, sondern vollkommen unabhangig und fur sich allein zu ihren handlungen und Wirkungen erklecklich sind. Es ist demnach gerade so viel, als wenn unser Herr Mechaniker nicht nur eine einzige, sondern gar zwo -- und noch dazu auf zwenerlen Bortheile, selbst schreibende Maschinen, folgsam zwey unterschiedene Kunst und Meisterstucke in einem vensammen erfunden, versertiget und verewiget hatte.

This aforementioned wondrous machine
has two apparent tools, or mechanical
means, which it offers to everyone to understand and execute their thoughts. If one simply wants to dictate something to it, whatever it may be, one takes the prepared statement in one hand, places it on the roller located below, using the accompanying pins, precisely word for word, pulls it back, and lets it write immediately until it is completely finished; it will even author on its own when it has no further instructions on the given topic. One can safely leave it entirely alone and pursue one's business at will in the meantime. -- But if one does not want to do this, but rather converse with it in person, then one does not need the entire mathematical roller, which can even be removed and put away completely, as the great artist had already done for me at my request: one then only needs to touch the register appearing next to it, according to the visible alphabet there, and communicate one's intentions, one's innermost thoughts, freely from the mind, without any further signs, in this simplest way, or first compose and assemble something in one's mind; in short: one only needs to think and then give it a sign, and it already knows the secret of our thoughts, it instantly drafts them, brings them to paper, entirely according to the free will of the thinking person, without the latter having to strain and exhaust their chest and voice by speaking beforehand. From which it is then clearly evident that this divine machine can perform its art in two ways, namely by means of the roller, where everything is given to it all at once, and it immediately processes the topic on its own; or by means of the register, since, on the other hand, one works with it step by step, as it were, purely in thought, without leaving any visible marks, and only allows it to know its secrets for brief moments, only in passing, or even entrusts them to it very quickly. In this way, the wonder is doubled, and the value of this all-writing machine increases exceptionally precisely because the cylinder and the register have no connection with each other, but are completely independent and sufficient in themselves for their actions and effects. It is therefore just as if our master mechanic had invented, constructed, and immortalized not just one, but two—and moreover, two machines with different advantages—self-writing machines, consequently two distinct works of art and masterpieces, all in one.

More that the machine wrote around page 58-9

Could write as many as 107 words

Last of Von Knauss’s writers was presented to Austrian Emperor on October 4, 1760; wrote passage of 68 words in French

MONSIEUR!

Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci.

Le monde a cru, que je ne serois jamais perfectionné par mon créateur, même on le persécuta tant, qu'il fut possible: mais maintenant il m'a mis dans un tel état, que j’ écris toutes les lanques, malgré tous ses envieux, et je suis en vérité

The world believed that I would never be perfected by my Creator, even though I was perfected as much as possible; but now He has placed me in such a state that I write in all languages, despite all my envious rivals, and I truly live

MONSIEUR
le plus fidel
Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.

(quoted in Selbstscreibende Wundermaschinen page 45)

Von Knaus wrote Selbstschreibende Wundermaschinen (1780) — “Malassis of Paris found an original piece of mechanical writing folded in with one of the plates” (291)

Seems the first three writers only produced a set text; the latter could be programmed

34 levers; each pushes on a large horizontal cylinder; cylinder has ratchet wheel of 79 teeth

Cylinder has 34 rows of 79 holes which pegs can be put into

Pegs control what letter is written

== Jacquet-Droz writing machine ==

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

Complete by 1772; displayed around Europe along with draughtsman, musician, and grotto

Distinguishes between light and heavy strokes, leaves spaces between words, changes lines

“To compose a text, the disc is taken out and the wedges are adjusted to produce the desired letters.”

== Maillardet’s writing machine ==

On the one that turned up in Philadelphia: https://fi.edu/en/science-and-education/collection/maillardets-automaton

Father Charles Paris’s writing machine
 Lazarite monk; sent to China to succeed Jesuit fathers and continue French mission

studied automata, carillon, etc before going to China; Emperor Kien-Long asked him to make a new version of the automata the King of England had sent him

Made one 4-5 tall, wrote praises of Emperor in Chinese, Tartar, Mongol, Tibetan

Houdin draughtsman-writer

Exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1844

Automata

2026-02-03T16:58:03Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "== Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines == Programmable machine: * https://www.technischesmuseum.at/tmw-zine/ki-zine/schreiben_wie_von_selbst * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUoDSNDj4U Von Knaus became a Catholic in 1754; see page 21 of his Schribmaschine From Computer Timeline website: During his show in front of Emperor Franz I, on 4 October 1760, the Writer of von Knaus filled the Emperor and the entire Court with wonder, by writing under his eyes the follo..."

== Friedrich von Knaus, writing machines ==

Programmable machine:
* https://www.technischesmuseum.at/tmw-zine/ki-zine/schreiben_wie_von_selbst
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLUoDSNDj4U

Von Knaus became a Catholic in 1754; see page 21 of his Schribmaschine

From Computer Timeline website:

During his show in front of Emperor Franz I, on 4 October 1760, the Writer of von Knaus filled the Emperor and the entire Court with wonder, by writing under his eyes the following headwork in French:
Dear Sir, do me the honor of listening to me and to what I am writing for you. The world thought that I would never be perfected by my maker, he was even so persecuted, that it was possible: but now, he put me into such a state that I write all languages, despite all his envious people, and I am truly, Dear Lord, the most loyal secretary.
— for this quote, see page 83 of von Knaus’s text

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

“Automata actually writing were first manufactured in the eighteenth century and were surprisingly successful. These mechanical writers and draughtsmen rank high among the most perfect (or if it is preferred, least imperfect) imitations of human beings.” (289)

Friedrich Von Knaus — 4 machines

1. 1753, presented to different courts, female hand dipping in ink, writes VIVAT LUDOVICUS CAROLUS CLEMENS-AUGUSTUS in printing letters; was presented July 16, 1753 to Louis XV at Versailles and then on December 28 1753 to Prince and Duke of Lothringen at Brussels in the Netherlands; then in December 16, 1756 to Electoral Highness Clemens August, in Bonn, as the capital of his dominion
2. Presented on March 28, 1758, to his Majesty the late Emperor Francis I; says that a hand appears from a frame representing glories of the reign, writing AUSTRIACAE DOMUI DEUS and some lines from Virgil like “new metas serum new temporary ponat” (I set no limits in space or time)
3. Grand Duke of Tuscany received as a gift in 1767 from (the emperor?); six lines of script visible in 4 minutes; 6 lines saying: HUIC DOMUI DEUS NEC METAS RERUM NECT TEMPORA PONAT.
4. 1760, 4 October, shown to Emperor Franz I, wrote a letter in French that read: “MONSIEUR! Faites moi la grace de m' écuter à ce, que je vous ecris par celle ci. Le monde a cru, que je ne ferois ja-mais perfectionné par mon crésteur, même on le perfécuta tant, quil fut pofible: mais maintenant il m'amis dans un tel état, que j écris toutes les lanques; malgré tous fes envieux, et je fuis en vérité MONSIEUR le plus fidel Vienne le 4. Octobr. Secretaire.” — praised and kept and preserved in Imperial and Royal physical and mathematical cabinet in the Homburg; is different in appearance than the others; goddess personifies Providence and the idea that no Prince can rule without this guidance — around page 51-52 in his Schreibmaschine, von Knauss describs how the other machines were trained only for a single court, repeating the same rote phrases, while this one “is suitable for all courts, for she is a goddess” — you can see the inner workings (and the pictures in the book show the workings now, unlike the others) — it writes in Latin, Rench, Spanish, English, and many other languages; can fill two sides of a quarto sheet in 15 minutes; never writes the same thing twice — explanation on page 53-4

Page 53-6, describes last writing machine’s mechanism:

sie, die osterwähnte Wundermaschine,
hat zwen scheinbare Werkzeuge, oder mechanische
Mittel, die sie Jedermann darbiethet, um desselben Gedanken zu erfahren und auszufuhren. Will man ihr blos etwas, es sen hernach, was es nur will, andictiren; so nimmt man in eine hand seinen gemachten Aussak, teckt ihn auf der unterhalb wo angebrachten Walze, vermittelst der daben liegenden Steckstistchen, recht vom Worte zu Worte ab, zieh ruckwarts auf, und lasst sie sofort gleichwohl schreiben, bis sie ganz fertig ist; sie wird schon selbst authoren, wenn si keine Anrichtung von dem ihr aufgegebenen Thema mehr hat. man kann sicher sie ganz allein lassen, und unterdessen seinen Geschaften willkurlich nachgehen. -- Will man aber diess nicht, sondern sich gegenwartig mit ihr unterhalten, so braucht man die ganze mathematische Walze nicht, die man beliebig sogar herausnehmen und ganz weglegen kann, gleichwie es mire der Herr Grosskunstler auf mein Verlangen bereits gethan hatte: man darf alsdenn nur das nachst daben vorscheinende Register, nach dessen sichtharem alphabethe daselbst, beruhren, und seine Willensmennung, seine innersten Gedanken, fren vom Kopfe her, ohne weiteres Zeichen, ihr auf diese simpelste Weis zu verstehen geben, oder ben sich erst selbst etwas im Sinne auf-und zusammenseken; kurz:man darf nur denken, und darnach den Fingerzeig ihr geben, so weiss sie schon das Geheimniss unserer Gedanken, sie entwirst sie augenblicklich, wis bringst sie zu Papier, ganze nach eigener Willfuhr des denkenden, ohne, das dieser mi Reden seine Brust und Stimme zuvor anstrengen, und erschopfen musse. Aus welchem dann klar am Tage liegt, dass diese Gottermaschine ihre Kunst auf zweyerley Art machen kann, als namlich vermitelst der Walze, da man allese auf einmal zugleich ihre ehe aufgiebt, und sie sofort fur sich allein das Thema verarbeiten lasst; oder vermittelst des Registers, da man hingegen von Schritt zu Schritt gleichsam mit ihr blos im Gedanken, ohne hinterlassenen Steckzeichen, fort arbeitet, und ihr blos auf Augenblicke, nur im Borubergehen seine Geheimnisse wissen lasst, oder ja recht flugsweis anvertrauet. -- Auf solche Art verdoppelt sich das Wunder, und wachst der Werth dieser alles screibenden Maschine ganz ausnehmend eben daher, weil die Walze und das Register miteinander gar keine Berbindung haben, sondern vollkommen unabhangig und fur sich allein zu ihren handlungen und Wirkungen erklecklich sind. Es ist demnach gerade so viel, als wenn unser Herr Mechaniker nicht nur eine einzige, sondern gar zwo -- und noch dazu auf zwenerlen Bortheile, selbst schreibende Maschinen, folgsam zwey unterschiedene Kunst und Meisterstucke in einem vensammen erfunden, versertiget und verewiget hatte.

This aforementioned wondrous machine
has two apparent tools, or mechanical
means, which it offers to everyone to understand and execute their thoughts. If one simply wants to dictate something to it, whatever it may be, one takes the prepared statement in one hand, places it on the roller located below, using the accompanying pins, precisely word for word, pulls it back, and lets it write immediately until it is completely finished; it will even author on its own when it has no further instructions on the given topic. One can safely leave it entirely alone and pursue one's business at will in the meantime. -- But if one does not want to do this, but rather converse with it in person, then one does not need the entire mathematical roller, which can even be removed and put away completely, as the great artist had already done for me at my request: one then only needs to touch the register appearing next to it, according to the visible alphabet there, and communicate one's intentions, one's innermost thoughts, freely from the mind, without any further signs, in this simplest way, or first compose and assemble something in one's mind; in short: one only needs to think and then give it a sign, and it already knows the secret of our thoughts, it instantly drafts them, brings them to paper, entirely according to the free will of the thinking person, without the latter having to strain and exhaust their chest and voice by speaking beforehand. From which it is then clearly evident that this divine machine can perform its art in two ways, namely by means of the roller, where everything is given to it all at once, and it immediately processes the topic on its own; or by means of the register, since, on the other hand, one works with it step by step, as it were, purely in thought, without leaving any visible marks, and only allows it to know its secrets for brief moments, only in passing, or even entrusts them to it very quickly. In this way, the wonder is doubled, and the value of this all-writing machine increases exceptionally precisely because the cylinder and the register have no connection with each other, but are completely independent and sufficient in themselves for their actions and effects. It is therefore just as if our master mechanic had invented, constructed, and immortalized not just one, but two—and moreover, two machines with different advantages—self-writing machines, consequently two distinct works of art and masterpieces, all in one.

More that the machine wrote around page 58-9

Could write as many as 107 words

Last of Von Knauss’s writers was presented to Austrian Emperor on October 4, 1760; wrote passage of 68 words in French

Von Knaus wrote Selbstschreibende Wundermaschinen (1780) — “Malassis of Paris found an original piece of mechanical writing folded in with one of the plates” (291)

Seems the first three writers only produced a set text; the latter could be programmed

34 levers; each pushes on a large horizontal cylinder; cylinder has ratchet wheel of 79 teeth

Cylinder has 34 rows of 79 holes which pegs can be put into

Pegs control what letter is written

== Jacquet-Droz writing machine ==

From Alfred Chapuis and Edmond Droz, Automata: A Historical and Technological Study (1958)
https://archive.org/details/automatahistoric0000edmo/page/292/mode/2up

Complete by 1772; displayed around Europe along with draughtsman, musician, and grotto

Distinguishes between light and heavy strokes, leaves spaces between words, changes lines

“To compose a text, the disc is taken out and the wedges are adjusted to produce the desired letters.”

== Maillardet’s writing machine ==

On the one that turned up in Philadelphia: https://fi.edu/en/science-and-education/collection/maillardets-automaton

Father Charles Paris’s writing machine
 Lazarite monk; sent to China to succeed Jesuit fathers and continue French mission

studied automata, carillon, etc before going to China; Emperor Kien-Long asked him to make a new version of the automata the King of England had sent him

Made one 4-5 tall, wrote praises of Emperor in Chinese, Tartar, Mongol, Tibetan

Houdin draughtsman-writer

Exhibited at the Paris Exhibition of 1844

From Type to .txt

2026-02-03T16:55:57Z

Wtrettien:

[[Jacquard loom woven book]]

[[Joseph Marie Jacquard and his loom]]

[[Charles Babbage]]

[[Herman Hollerith]]

[[Early computing devices]]

[[Punched cards]]

[[Lithography]]

[[Facsimiles]]

[[Typewriters]]

[[Logotypes]]

[[Mechanical typesetting]]

[[Telegraphy]]

[[Player piano]]

[[Automata]]

Patents to look through:
* https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044055047823&seq=67&q1=mackenzie

Charles Babbage

2026-01-21T17:23:38Z

Wtrettien: /* Ninth Bridgewater Treatise */

== Timeline ==

1791, December 26: born

1814: graduates with BA from Cambridge

1814, July 2: marries Georgiana

1815: series of lectures on astronomy to the Royal institution

1816: elected member of the Royal Society

1819: travels with his friend John Herschel to France, meeting intellectuals; probably sees Le Tables du Cadastre of the French Ordnance Survey undertaken by Baron Gaspard de Prony; de Prony organizes 3 commitees to make and check calculations, result is logarithmic tables in 17 folio ms volumes, wanted to print them but proved to be difficult/costly ([[Essinger 2004]], 60)

1821, Summer: Royal Astronomical Society asks Babbage and Herschel to check astronomical tables; tedious work, Babbage says: "How I wish these calculations could be executed by steam!" ([[Essinger 2004]], 66); sets him off thinking about Difference Engine

1821-1833: working on automatic cogwheel-based machine to calculate and print mathematical tables, the Difference Engine

1822, Spring: had assembled small cogwheel mechanism, demonstrates it to Royal Astronomical Society on June 2, 1822 and open letter to Sir Humphrey Davy, president of Royal Society, July 3, 1822, second paper to Royal Astronomical Society on 13 December

1823, July 21: gov't grant of 1500 pounds

1827, February 27: father Benjamin dies, he inherits his wealth

1827, August/September: wife Georgiana dies

1832: finishes 1/7th of Difference Engine

1834, December: conceives of Analytical Engine, not just for mathematical calculations, using punched cards of Jacquard's loom; on December 15, Lady Byron writes about his excitement over discovery in her journal ([[ESsinger 2004]], 81-2)

1839, December: writes letter to François Jean Dominique Arago requesting copy of Jacquard portrait woven by Jacquard loom and any memoirs about him ([[Essinger 2004]], 46-7)

1840, August: leaves England for Paris then Lyons and Turin

1842, 3 November: letter from exchequer saying government was abandoning support for difference engine

1871: died

== Tables of Constants in Nature and Art ==

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_the_Board_of_Regents_of/bc4rAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA289&printsec=frontcover

== On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures ==

Very easy to understand machinery simply by observing it (v)

Machinery offers 3 advantages: addition to human power, economy of human time, conversation of common substances into valuable products (6)

“At increase of knowledge, as well as on the contrivance of every new tool, human labour becomes abridged.”

Tools used to replace hands; tools used to aid those with lost limbs, disabilities (14)

Entire chapter on copying as important to a mechanical age

Points out the difficulty of printing mathematical tables (59)

== Ninth Bridgewater Treatise ==

Individuals attribute their own imperfect understandings to that of God

Must base understanding in facts and arguments, not wild fancies of passion or of impulse

Chapter 2

Uses example of Calculating Engine: imagine a wheel, showing a series of numbers; “how long you will have counted before you are firmly convinced that the engine has been so adjusted that it will continue whilst its motion is maintained, to produce the same series of natural numbers?” (35)

But what if the law changes as 100 million, to go up by triangular numbers multipled by 10,000? And then law fails again after 2761? Etc

Observer would have to change the law he deduced from observation; and the adjustment “might have been as fully foreknown as the commencement, as was the regular succession” (39) — but we don’t know the reason, except it is “a necessary consequence of the mechanical structure of the engine” (39)

Imagine a second engine, wherein the laws could be changed at any time

“Which of these two engines would, in the reader’s opinion, give the higher proof of skill in the contriver?” (40) — the one that needed no intervention but was designed from the start (even though we can’t thought present means of analysis understand its design)

Analogy to changes in nature — there is a design created by ‘a degree of power and of knowledge of a far higher order” (46) — e.g. findings of geology

Chapter 3

Before printing, “accidental position determined the opinions and the knowledge of the great mass of mankind” (52) — only oral information accessible — after printing, knowledge can accumulate, science can advance

Chapter 4, 5

Geology suggests earth is millions of years old, contradicting Genesis in Bible; ample evidence from geology at this point

Attempts to reconcile genesis with scientific understanding; offers historicist interpretation of Bible

Chapter 6

On desire for immortality; many dashes set between paragraphs

Chapter 7

Meditation on deep time

Chapter 8

Miracles are not deviations from God’s law’s but “the exact fulfillment of much. More extensive laws than those we suppose to exist” (93)

Example of the engine again — imagine a maker who can push a lever on the engine, and one instance in the series changes before going back to normal order

Example of conical refraction and experimentation

Chapter 9

Once we speak, we quickly hear the sound and then it becomes inaudible; but the movements of air caused continue to reverberate; a being that could see all movements of atoms could see “the circumstances of the future history of the whole of the earth’s atmosphere” (112)

Could also look back and find the origins of chaos

“Thus considered, what a strange chaos is this wide atmosphere we breathe! Every atom impressed with good and with ill, retains at once the motions which philosophers and sages have imparted to it, mixed and combined in ten thousand ways with all that is worthless and base. The air itself is one vast library, on whose pages are for ever written all that man has ever said or even whispered. There, in their mutable but unerring characters, mixed with the earliest, as well as the latest sighs of mortality, stand for ever recorded, vows unredeemed, promises unfulfilled, perpetuating in the united movements of each particle, the testimony of man’s changeful will.” (112-3)

“No motion impressed by natural causes, or by human agency, is ever obliterated.” (114)

Chapter 10

On Hume’s argument against miracles; using math to analyze it

Chapter 11

Imagine calculating engine, can follow any algebraic law — while calculating, can also switch to any other law, then revert back

Using thought experiment to argue against Hume

Chapter 12

Pain of doing something wrong; knowledge creates virtue by enabling us to learn from mistakes

Advocating for advances in science to know better

Chapter 13

Imagine the calculating engine could change its laws, but “at a time not foreseen by the person employing the engine” (152)

Chapter 14

Thoughts on the origin of evil — but a fragment saying he was unable to complete it

Appendix, Note B, “On the calculating engine”

== Bibliography ==

[[Essinger 2004]]

[[Hacking 1990]], chapter 7, discusses his interest in constants and developing the "Tables of Constants in Nature and Art"

Great paper on Ada Lovelace's computer program: https://twobithistory.org/2018/08/18/ada-lovelace-note-g.html#:~:text=She%2C%20too%2C%20wrote%20a%20program,the%20world's%20first%20computer%20program

Demo of Difference Engine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak

Charles Babbage

2026-01-21T17:22:54Z

Wtrettien:

== Timeline ==

1791, December 26: born

1814: graduates with BA from Cambridge

1814, July 2: marries Georgiana

1815: series of lectures on astronomy to the Royal institution

1816: elected member of the Royal Society

1819: travels with his friend John Herschel to France, meeting intellectuals; probably sees Le Tables du Cadastre of the French Ordnance Survey undertaken by Baron Gaspard de Prony; de Prony organizes 3 commitees to make and check calculations, result is logarithmic tables in 17 folio ms volumes, wanted to print them but proved to be difficult/costly ([[Essinger 2004]], 60)

1821, Summer: Royal Astronomical Society asks Babbage and Herschel to check astronomical tables; tedious work, Babbage says: "How I wish these calculations could be executed by steam!" ([[Essinger 2004]], 66); sets him off thinking about Difference Engine

1821-1833: working on automatic cogwheel-based machine to calculate and print mathematical tables, the Difference Engine

1822, Spring: had assembled small cogwheel mechanism, demonstrates it to Royal Astronomical Society on June 2, 1822 and open letter to Sir Humphrey Davy, president of Royal Society, July 3, 1822, second paper to Royal Astronomical Society on 13 December

1823, July 21: gov't grant of 1500 pounds

1827, February 27: father Benjamin dies, he inherits his wealth

1827, August/September: wife Georgiana dies

1832: finishes 1/7th of Difference Engine

1834, December: conceives of Analytical Engine, not just for mathematical calculations, using punched cards of Jacquard's loom; on December 15, Lady Byron writes about his excitement over discovery in her journal ([[ESsinger 2004]], 81-2)

1839, December: writes letter to François Jean Dominique Arago requesting copy of Jacquard portrait woven by Jacquard loom and any memoirs about him ([[Essinger 2004]], 46-7)

1840, August: leaves England for Paris then Lyons and Turin

1842, 3 November: letter from exchequer saying government was abandoning support for difference engine

1871: died

== Tables of Constants in Nature and Art ==

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Annual_Report_of_the_Board_of_Regents_of/bc4rAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA289&printsec=frontcover

== Ninth Bridgewater Treatise ==

Individuals attribute their own imperfect understandings to that of God

Must base understanding in facts and arguments, not wild fancies of passion or of impulse

Chapter 2

Uses example of Calculating Engine: imagine a wheel, showing a series of numbers; “how long you will have counted before you are firmly convinced that the engine has been so adjusted that it will continue whilst its motion is maintained, to produce the same series of natural numbers?” (35)

But what if the law changes as 100 million, to go up by triangular numbers multipled by 10,000? And then law fails again after 2761? Etc

Observer would have to change the law he deduced from observation; and the adjustment “might have been as fully foreknown as the commencement, as was the regular succession” (39) — but we don’t know the reason, except it is “a necessary consequence of the mechanical structure of the engine” (39)

Imagine a second engine, wherein the laws could be changed at any time

“Which of these two engines would, in the reader’s opinion, give the higher proof of skill in the contriver?” (40) — the one that needed no intervention but was designed from the start (even though we can’t thought present means of analysis understand its design)

Analogy to changes in nature — there is a design created by ‘a degree of power and of knowledge of a far higher order” (46) — e.g. findings of geology

Chapter 3

Before printing, “accidental position determined the opinions and the knowledge of the great mass of mankind” (52) — only oral information accessible — after printing, knowledge can accumulate, science can advance

Chapter 4, 5

Geology suggests earth is millions of years old, contradicting Genesis in Bible; ample evidence from geology at this point

Attempts to reconcile genesis with scientific understanding; offers historicist interpretation of Bible

Chapter 6

On desire for immortality; many dashes set between paragraphs

Chapter 7

Meditation on deep time

Chapter 8

Miracles are not deviations from God’s law’s but “the exact fulfillment of much. More extensive laws than those we suppose to exist” (93)

Example of the engine again — imagine a maker who can push a lever on the engine, and one instance in the series changes before going back to normal order

Example of conical refraction and experimentation

Chapter 9

Once we speak, we quickly hear the sound and then it becomes inaudible; but the movements of air caused continue to reverberate; a being that could see all movements of atoms could see “the circumstances of the future history of the whole of the earth’s atmosphere” (112)

Could also look back and find the origins of chaos

“Thus considered, what a strange chaos is this wide atmosphere we breathe! Every atom impressed with good and with ill, retains at once the motions which philosophers and sages have imparted to it, mixed and combined in ten thousand ways with all that is worthless and base. The air itself is one vast library, on whose pages are for ever written all that man has ever said or even whispered. There, in their mutable but unerring characters, mixed with the earliest, as well as the latest sighs of mortality, stand for ever recorded, vows unredeemed, promises unfulfilled, perpetuating in the united movements of each particle, the testimony of man’s changeful will.” (112-3)

“No motion impressed by natural causes, or by human agency, is ever obliterated.” (114)

Chapter 10

On Hume’s argument against miracles; using math to analyze it

Chapter 11

Imagine calculating engine, can follow any algebraic law — while calculating, can also switch to any other law, then revert back

Using thought experiment to argue against Hume

Chapter 12

Pain of doing something wrong; knowledge creates virtue by enabling us to learn from mistakes

Advocating for advances in science to know better

Chapter 13

Imagine the calculating engine could change its laws, but “at a time not foreseen by the person employing the engine” (152)

Chapter 14

Thoughts on the origin of evil — but a fragment saying he was unable to complete it

Appendix, Note B, “On the calculating engine”

== Bibliography ==

[[Essinger 2004]]

[[Hacking 1990]], chapter 7, discusses his interest in constants and developing the "Tables of Constants in Nature and Art"

Great paper on Ada Lovelace's computer program: https://twobithistory.org/2018/08/18/ada-lovelace-note-g.html#:~:text=She%2C%20too%2C%20wrote%20a%20program,the%20world's%20first%20computer%20program

Demo of Difference Engine: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak

Romano 1986

2026-01-19T21:56:50Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Romano, Frank. ''Machine Writing and Typesetting: The story of Sholes and Mergenthaler and the invention of the typewriter and the linotype.'' GAMA, 1986. Sholes, printer and owner of newspapers “It was usual for newspapers to conduct a job printing department for additional income and, one year, the compositors on Sholes’ newspaper went on strike. This so angered Sholes that he gave serious thought to typesetting by machine. Being a tinkerer at heart, he built m..."

Romano, Frank. ''Machine Writing and Typesetting: The story of Sholes and Mergenthaler and the invention of the typewriter and the linotype.'' GAMA, 1986.

Sholes, printer and owner of newspapers

“It was usual for newspapers to conduct a job printing department for additional income and, one year, the compositors on Sholes’ newspaper went on strike. This so angered Sholes that he gave serious thought to typesetting by machine. Being a tinkerer at heart, he built models in which types could be impressed in wax, but the wax bulged and castings of molten metal were not useable. He cast his models aside and made peace with the staff.” (2)

“Sholes and his friends in Milwaukee spent their spare time inventing things, tinkering with carpentry and shop work. Their unofficial headquarters was a machine shop run by C. F. Kleinsteuber in a small wooden building on the north edge of Milwaukee. Sholes had devised a method for addressing newspapers by printing names of subscribers on the margin, as well as tinkering with other gadgets.” (3)

“It had been his job, as a lad, to number by hand the pages of account books with a metal stamp. The use of a metal ‘finger’ for this purpose was a much better idea and it occurred to him that he could devise a machine to perform this work much more neatly and quickly.” (3) — but what if it also did words?

1867, obtain description of stereotype by John Pratt from Scientific American (July 6, 1867)

Henry Mill, 1714 patent from Queen Anne for writing machine

July 23, 1829 patent to William Austin Burt in US for “typographer”; never manufactured

Sholes first experiment; “The first model was simply the letter ‘W’ and its activating mechanism, a telegraph key linked to a type bar pivoted to hit from below against a round glass disc; using carbon paper could print the letter

September 1867, had developed a working model with piano-like keys

“The first machines was finished by 1867. Patented with improvements June 23, 1868, it became patent number 79,265 and was listed as ‘Sholes et al.’ It had eleven piano keys and was of wood. Historians do not usually refer to the machine of June 23, 1868 patent, but speak of the ‘first machine’ as the July 14, 1868 patent since it was the first working model sent out from Sholes’ shop for testing by someone other than himself.” (6)

James Clephane, stenographer, brought in to test it

Clephane also interested in the Phelps Printing Telegraph, used by Western Union, and the printing telegraph of Charles T. Moore; also interested in typewriting machine of George H. Morgan in 1875

Western Union is interested, but thought Edison, one of their employees, could do better for less; Edison patented December 10 1872 an electrically operated traveling wheel device (patent 133,841), the forerunninger of the the stock ticker printing machine; “Edison found use for typewriters in automatic telegraphy” (10)

“Remington exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. For 25 cents, a comely lass at a Type-Writer would type a brief note suitable for mailing to the folks back home. Remington sales still did not take off. The exposition was a disappointment to Sholes, who expected notoriety, but another inventor named Bell got much of the attention.” (13)

Clephane, working with Moore on the transfer typewriter, to transfer typewritten text to lithographic stone; brings it to Mergenthaler shop in Baltimore; Clephane wanted to “bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page” (quoted on 26)

Working model made by Mergenthaler; printed clear letters on strip of paper, but ink didn’t transfer easily to lithographic stone

Hahl shop assembled 3 more machines and sold them to shorthand reporters in Washington, Chicago, and New York, “where they were used to duplicate legislative proceedings, court testimony and other documents. One office even reported that it had used the transfer typewriter to produce several pamphlets on an experimental basis, though it acknowledge that the quality was inferior. Finally, Clephane was ready to concede that the invention held out no hope of living up to his dream of bridging the gap between manuscript copy and printed page.” (28)

Using papier mache to create mold for stereotyping with typewriters; also failed (difficult to make key strike at exact same depth) — Rotary Impression Machine, patented 1879; first model used piano keys, later Rotary Matrix Machine had 27 round keys

“A page was too big a unit to deal with, but one line of type could produce a reasonable matrix. The Chinese abacus must have provided an idea to Ottmar. With its parallel columns of beads sliding on wires it was a model of simplicity. A machine with a similar series of parallel wires or bars could be built with each bar containing the type characters.The characters could move up and down, just as the columns of beads in the abacus moved. Type characters could be selected from each bar and slid down to a common level of alignment, forming a one line of a column. Then a papier mache strip could be passed against the whole line to produce a matrix.” (35)

Parallel bands would be notched to be arrested at desired level, similar to watchmaker’s escapement to step the mechanism of a watch or clock at desired intervals

Mergenthaler sets out to devise his first band machine

“The band machine looked like a Jacquard loom to which a typewriter keyboard had been attached.” (41)

First experimental model was stereotyping machine, but process got slower with needing to dry the papier mache

Main Page

2026-01-19T21:56:39Z

Wtrettien: /* 19th Century Media & Technology */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schleck 2022|Schleck, Julia. ''Dirty Knowledge: Academic Freedom in the Age of Neoliberalism.'' University of Nebraska Press, 2022.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Frankel 2009|Frankel, Nicholas. ''Masking the Text: Essays on Literature and Mediation in the 1890s.'' Rivendale Press, 2009.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kahan 2000|Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Romano 1986|Romano, Frank. ''Machine Writing and Typesetting: The story of Sholes and Mergenthaler and the invention of the typewriter and the linotype.'' GAMA, 1986.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Thoburn 2016|Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book: On the Art and Politics of Radical Publishing.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2016.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Frankel 2009

2026-01-19T20:15:50Z

Wtrettien:

Frankel, Nicholas. ''Masking the Text: Essays on Literature and Mediation in the 1890s.'' Rivendale Press, 2009.

== Intro ==

For considered in terms of its artistic productions, the 1890s was singularly preoccupied with "masking" its texts. "Small details of dress" are apparent on even some of the most prosaic productions of the decade — a decade when virtually no British book came to market without at least some pretensions to embody a designed or "decorated" entity. (22)

As a matter of necessity, the medium with which these writers and artists were most preoccupied was the single volume (often illustrated) book. Writers of later decades would be preoccupied with other kinds of artistic machines — with the typewriter, the movie camera, the radio, with devices for recording spoken sound or music, and ultimately with the computer. But in the 1890s, with the cinema and sound recording still in [23]] their infancy, the printed book was the medium at the center of the most rapid and thoroughgoing changes. By the mid-1890s only the typewriter had emerged to challenge the book and the periodical as an organizing principle for the production and distribution of "literary" writing. On the one hand, the printed book was subject to those rapidly transforming patterns of readership and distribution alluded to in Gissing's New Grub Street: the rise of mass literacy produced not only demands for more popular books but also niche markets in which an artistic avant-garde was able to explore the nature of artistic endeavor as such. On the other hand, books were subject to the incursion of spectacular new technologies of production
- photomechanical engraving, new dyes and materials for bookbinding, new means for the production of paper — many of them developed initially in America. Here the demand for the works of British authors, regularized by the passage of international copyright legislation in 1891, was equaled only by the rapidity with which American houses like Harpers and Lippincotts sponsored new, untried technologies for literary production. It is by no means insignificant that one of the works scrutinized in this study (Wildes A House of Pomegranates) was published by an American, James R.
Osgood who had arrived in Britain expressly to maximize the opportunities for "Americanizing" British publishing following the passage of the Chace Act in 1891. A House of Pomegranates in its first edition represents arguably the best expression of the incursion of the new "process" printing into the printed work of literature. It is a book whose experimentalism is still apparent in its heavy art paper, its disintegrating bindings, its "invisible" illustrations, and the explosion of colour (now muddied) on its front cover.
By contrast, the books produced virtually simultaneously under William Morris's aegis at the Kelmscott Press represent arguably the best expression of indigenous resistance to such incursions. Kelmscott Press books embody Morris's desire to overthrow the entire industrial order and to return readers to a more holistic state (termed an earthly paradise by Morris) according to which books and reading were continuous with the larger environments and activities in and through which reading took place.
(22-3)

The idea that literary works come masked, then, flaunting their material features while declaring their radical alterity from themselve, was by no means confined to Wilde's imagination alone. It held firm purchase on the minds of many visual artists, poets, publishers and printers working in Britain in the 1890s, and it is partly responsible for that so-called renaissance of printing which took place, in commercial publishing no less than in private publishing, in the dying years of the nineteenth century. (23)

Frankel 2009

2026-01-19T20:14:33Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Frankel, Nicholas. ''Masking the Text: Essays on Literature and Mediation in the 1890s.'' Rivendale Press, 2009. == Intro == For considered in terms of its artistic productions, the 1890s was singularly preoccupied with "masking" its texts. "Small details of dress" are apparent on even some of the most prosaic productions of the decade — a decade when virtually no British book came to market without at least some pretensions to embody a designed or "decorated" entity..."

Main Page

2026-01-19T20:08:56Z

Wtrettien: /* 19th Century Media & Technology */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schleck 2022|Schleck, Julia. ''Dirty Knowledge: Academic Freedom in the Age of Neoliberalism.'' University of Nebraska Press, 2022.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Frankel 2009|Frankel, Nicholas. ''Masking the Text: Essays on Literature and Mediation in the 1890s.'' Rivendale Press, 2009.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kahan 2000|Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Thoburn 2016|Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book: On the Art and Politics of Radical Publishing.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2016.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Schleck 2022

2025-10-22T13:48:27Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Schleck, Julia. ''Dirty Knowledge: Academic Freedom in the Age of Neoliberalism.'' University of Nebraska Press, 2022. == Prologue == …the clamor raised during such incidents has helped to obscure a true crisis in protected speech on university campuses—the profound loss of the protections designated by the term academic freedom, protections which were designed to defend the integrity of the knowledge produced and transmitted by university professors. This crisis i..."

Schleck, Julia. ''Dirty Knowledge: Academic Freedom in the Age of Neoliberalism.'' University of Nebraska Press, 2022.

== Prologue ==

…the clamor raised during such incidents has helped to obscure a true crisis in protected speech on university campuses—the profound loss of the protections designated by the term academic freedom, protections which were designed to defend the integrity of the knowledge produced and transmitted by university professors. This crisis is linked not to individual political rights but to a profound shift in the economic value system being embraced by institutions of higher education in the twenty-first century: neoliberalism. Under the neoliberal regime, the mission of the university in society and the role of faculty in carrying out that mission have been dramatically altered. The result has been the near-complete destruction of academic freedom as it was conceived and widely adopted in America at the beginning of the last century. In its place the neoliberal regime proposes a collapse of the professional, collective rights of academic freedom into an individual’s right to free speech, thus radically overhauling the premises and practices of aca- demic freedom in higher education.

The question under such furious public debate is not who has the right to speak, since universal free speech rights are loudly trumpeted on all sides, but who, if anyone, will be pun- ished for their speech. From the perspective of the academy, several limitations have recently been put in place that make the professoriate more vulnerable to dismissal for controversial speech, particularly when it takes place outside of a clear research or teaching context. They may have the right to speak, but if their speech is deemed to have infringed upon another’s right to speak, the decision of whose right is greater is adjudicated through sheer political force, as Karl Marx shrewdly noted in Capital.

For Marx, the battle over the “rights” he identifies—those of the capitalists and those of the workers—is ultimately a struggle over the working conditions of the employee.15 I argue that the battle over free speech rights on college campuses should rightly be read in the same way when they involve faculty: as part of a larger struggle over the working conditions of the pro- fessoriate, with profound ramifications for the faculty’s ability to publish and speak freely, an ability critical to the mission of the university in our society.

What might be construed as a moral obligation for our society to provide its citizens with a college education that will not force them into bankruptcy or burden them with loans that will take decades to repay, is executed by the government through a careful counting process of a series of institutional metrics, accompanied by the vague threat of punishment for those who fail to perform well in such bookkeeping.

…how many of the hundreds of lecturer and other nontenure-line faculty teaching at unl and across the country are likely to teach or research against political and moneyed interests when their employment conditions are just as precarious as Lawton’s or even more so? How many will mute their desire to lead or simply participate in a public protest, even against an organization that, like t P u S a, actively advocates for the defunding of higher education?

The real threat to academic freedom is not the interference of morally outraged conservative politicians insisting on an unequal assertion of free speech rights on campus. The real threat to academic freedom is contractual, economic, and woven into the very structure of contemporary American higher edu- cation. It is the insinuation of neoliberal market values into almost every aspect of university life, into faculty contracts and into the faculty’s behavior and mindset.

== A Public Freedom ==

The version of academic freedom cited and codified on Amer- ican university campuses today is based on the educational reforms of the early twentieth century, which were part of the broader changes wrought to American society during the Pro- gressive Era. Central to this process was the formation of the American Association of University Professors (aau P), which sought to represent and advocate for all college and university faculty in an effort to raise the status of the professoriate in the United States.

The concept of academic freedom and the role of the univer- sity in society laid out in these documents has been described by scholars as the “common good” or the “public good” model.3

In short, uni- versity professors advocated for professional self-regulation: they would be responsible for the quality of their work only to their peers. This privilege was justified because the good produced by the work of university professors benefited all of society.

If the ideas themselves were unacceptable to ruling elite, the faculty who propounded them were forced to conform upon threat of dismissal, or were simply dismissed as a warning to others who might contemplate doing the same.

This was accomplished in large part through the adminis- trative structure of American universities, which differed from

American universities adopted a structure similar to that of corporations, in which a govern- ing board and chief administrative officer exercised complete control over the employees and policy of the institution.

Instead of giving professors and students the freedom that they possessed in European institutions, Amer- ican corporatized administrations molded their faculty and students by “prescribing for each officer and for each student his specific duty, and . . . bringing to bear upon him the power of the organization if he fails to carry out the implied contract under which he is employed or the implied conditions under which he is admitted.”10 As Pritchett sums up the differences in the two structural philosophies: at American universities, “the watchword is no longer freedom, but accountability to the administration.”11 Freedom, Pritchett argued, required reformed educational structures that would allow faculty freedom from the close management and occasional direct interference of administrators in faculty work, and make them responsible only to their professional peers.

Academic freedom, as it was conceived by the early twentieth-century reformers, would institutionalize faculty job security through a series of regulations designed to place employment decisions in the hands, or at least subject to the review, of faculty peers rather than continue to allow boards and their presidents to hire and fire at will. It was clear that many donors and governing boards felt that the faculty within these institutions worked for them, and should deliver a product they deemed acceptable. This was in some cases explicit, as in the founding of the Wharton School, where industrialist Joseph Wharton made clear to the initial board of trustees that he would not tolerate the teaching of free trade, and threatened to retract the donated funds should that ever take place. The academic freedom advanced by university reformers like those in aau P tackled that assumption head on by blocking the institutional mechanisms through which such normalizing power could be wielded by elites.

The changes in institutional regulations advocated by aau P and other reformers represented a shift in power from the elites who endowed and governed universities to the professoriate. However, they were discussed less in terms of the empower- ment of the faculty and more in terms of the protection of the public interest, through the vocabulary of service to society.

The risk of students being exposed to, or reaching of their accord, socially unacceptable conclusions or outright errors was well worth it, as the necessity for developing independence of mind in university students was paramount.

…o stimulate thinking of any kind.”17 The aau P and other advocates of academic freedom thus sought to replace a conformity of content with a conformity of method. The well-educated man would think in a particular way, rather than think particular thoughts.

Similarly, the public itself, although the beneficiary of university work, also must not be allowed to influence its direction. Thus the public good would only be achieved, paradoxically, without the influence of the public, either directly or through its elected representatives.

Although there are many differences in the two situations, this defense against outside intervention into the work and employment conditions of the professoriate shares many characteristics with labor organizing in other fields. It insists upon some measure of worker control over the material conditions of the institution—in the case of professors, absolute control over curriculum, review of hir- ing and firing, and participation in other internal governance decisions—and seeks to give greater power to those whose labor produces the product rather than the men whose capital founds the factory or school. Given the specialized nature of their work, professors were able to make a strong case against being alienated from their labor and for greater control over the conditions of production.

In a move that would be viewed with some incredulity in today’s job market, professors would sometimes resign en masse as a means of protesting a board or president’s actions in dismissing one of their colleagues. In a labor market that was less glutted with qualified faculty, it was possible for academic labor to exert a power akin to striking in withholding their labor from objectionable institutions and bestowing it instead on those that conformed to faculty expectations of academic freedom.

The psychological security offered through tenure was a guarantor of the quality of the knowledge produced and disseminated by the faculty. Without such publicly certifiable conditions of production, the word of the professor remained questionable and confidence in his product was shaky, nullifying his status as an expert on the complex problems that might be addressed through legislation.

The educational reforms of the early twentieth century ulti- mately succeeded in shifting power from wealthy elites who oversaw the operations of American institutions of higher education through boards of trustees or regents to the profes- soriate itself. These powerful elites were divested of the power to shape the content of what was investigated and taught in universities, in a philosophical realignment that brought new and profound restrictions on the ability of such men to fire or otherwise severely discipline faculty whose work or speech wandered too far from approved norms. That responsibility was taken up by the faculty themselves, as they organized into academic disciplines that stretched across the country.

Thus academic freedom rested upon economic guarantees within university employment.

…while faculty reformers employed the tools of the nascent workers’ unions to pressure employers into concessions involving greater power on campus, increased job security, and higher pay, the arguments for such changes were made in the register of politics and morality. Academic freedom may have been enacted through changes in the economic and regula- tory conditions of academic employment, but it was justified in the language of liberal democracy and service to the pub- lic.

Put in the vocabulary of politics, universities adopted a workplace governance structure similar to a constitutional republic like that of the United States.

== A Private Freedom ==

In short, faculty reformers argued for a sort of academic laissez-faire, insisting that the university’s administrators could not fully understand the proper functioning of knowledge production and that their interference would only result in damage to the…

As the American economy shifted from a Fordist to a neoliberal mode of capitalist produc- tion in the late twentieth century, the liberal political discourse

of freedom within the university would remain in place but the economic analogy would change dramatically to match the larger economic system in society. Academic freedom as a faculty “right” persists, but the employment conditions that guaranteed it are being systematically destroyed as the university integrates itself into the neoliberal economy.

The university still maintains its independence from government interference through a discourse of freedoms and a set of campus judicial structures, but it is now itself subject to the values of the market, with a major target being the employment conditions—hiring and firing—that once guaranteed the quality of i…

As Peter Gratton notes, the result is not so much a disciplinary regime of “‘power/knowledge,’ that is, how power implicates a thinking of what is considered as true and hence a form of knowledge. Our universities today are more and more built on ‘profit/knowledge’—one must be ever convertible into the other. Knowledge must be convertible into profits, and making a profit is the only proper form of knowledge.”

The primary danger in terms of knowledge production within the university is no longer that political and economic elites will demand conformity to their own beliefs, but that they will insist that whatever knowledge “product” the university generates must be justifiable on economic grounds.

The Fordist insistence on normalization has given way to a new regime in which content difference is not only tolerated but intensified as a means of distinction and niche marketing. Efforts at mold- ing the professoriate, even in terms of teaching, the activity previously described as molding young minds or characters, has relaxed into a curriculum that is increasingly driven by student desire, in which students “shop” for classes through online enrollment systems rather than submit themselves to a particular preconceived discipline of study.

Departments that insist for pedagogical or intellectual reasons upon offering courses or programs of study that are perceived by students as obscure, difficult, or not obviously leading to a degree that will increase postgraduate earnings accordingly attract fewer students, receive fewer institutional resources, and become increasingly anemic and powerless. Through a series of modifications of the institutional environment, faculty are being conditioned to act in line with neoliberal market values.

As in the corporate sector, universities have sought to develop a “flexible” workforce, one that managers consider necessary to be able to maximize reve- nues. Flexibility in academia, as elsewhere, involves developing a large bank of employees who can be hired at the last minute on short-term contracts to execute a limited number of tasks and then fired or not rehired when it is no longer advantageous to the institution.

If nearly three quarters of the professoriate in America is working off the tenure track, and the number of tenure-line faculty continues to shrink, one must ask whether academic freedom is not dead, or at the very least dying out in U.S. higher education. As American society more broadly loses the idea of the demos and the very conception of a public good, universities are evolving to serve a different role within it, and it appears that academic freedom as previously understood does not serve any necessary function in that new vision for higher education. As a result, the changes in academic labor that are destroying academic freedom in its traditional conception meet with relatively little structural resistance from the neoliberal university and even less protest from society more broadly.

Both Butler and Joan Wallach Scott call attention to this function of “disciplines” as a problem for the traditional conception of academic freedom under a public-good knowledge regime.23 Those arguing for a simple return to that regime thus must grapple with its dark side, which insisted upon an exclusionary conformity that reflected its Fordist-era origins.

The result has been a profound shift from the conception of university-generated knowledge as directly benefiting a pub- lic that supports its production through taxes, to knowledge produced through a combination of university and corporate facilities and financial resources. This knowledge is then pri- vately owned by the university and corporation(s), and reaches the public only indirectly, primarily through the introduction of new products to the market.

Universities are still state-sponsored in a variety of ways, for example through state revenues, federal grants, federally guaranteed student loans, and tax-exempt status, but this no longer translates into a generally recognized public ownership of the knowledge produced. The public is often charged three times over in this system, wherein citizens pay taxes that support higher education, then pay tuition for their children to attend these institutions, then pay again for the products developed through university research. In such an environment, the increasing discourse around university “accountability” is hardly surpris…

In a world where the lines between the university and the corporate sector are blurred, the university is no longer a space apart, generating a unique kind of reliably pure knowledge from which others can generate profit. The university itself is seeking to generate its own profits from the knowledge it pro- duces, and thereby values information insofar as it translates directly to the market. The more directly, the better.

Colleges and universities are still thought of as educating students, but now instead of creating informed citizens or building character, we build future earning capacity.

In such a system, acquired knowledge serves not a public good but an individual one, and the good offered that individual is an economic not a civic one.

In such an academic capitalist knowledge regime, academic freedom as a guarantor of the integrity of the information gener- ated and presented to the public is perceived to have increasingly little social function. Consequently, there has been little resis- tance to the system-wide massive violation of academic freedom that is contingent hiring.

The idea that academic freedom is akin to First Amendment rights, wherein every individual who does academic work at the university is covered by academic freedom by virtue of its embeddedness in the constitutional mission (and often the bylaws) of the uni- versity, lends credence to the idea that contingent faculty, like tenure-line faculty, are understood to enjoy academic freedom simply by virtue of carrying out their pedagogical responsibili- ties. This belief would appear to be grounded in the idea that the right adheres to the work, rather than the employment contract that precedes and codifies the work and thus the conditions in which it will be undertaken.

== An Individual Freedom ==

Controversies involving extramural speech are most likely to be framed as issues of free speech rights, in part because such speech is furthest from the realm of activities recognized as academic such as research and teaching. Yet the overwhelming response to the brief episode between the two women as one of individual rights, combined with loud calls for Lawton to be fired from her teaching position, are symptomatic of a deep confusion over the nature of academic freedom within and without the academy.

Under an academic capitalism regime, academic freedom is being gradually reconceptualized as an individual right akin to constitutionally protected speech rights. Such a formulation aligns more productively with the goals and structures of the neoliberal university and is an integral part of the shift from a public good to an academic capitalist model of higher education in America.

Both the scientific method and the more loosely conceived “critical thinking” of the humanities require the scholar to practice and the student to learn how to separate good ideas from flawed or unconvincing ones. Within the academy, all ideas are not equal. All ideas may be equally expressed, but they will be subjected to rigorous scrutiny, and only those deemed worthy by professionals with long years of training in the standards of their field will survive, gaining a place in the published literature or in the university lecture hall.

If academic freedom were reconceived as akin to individual speech rights, this equality of status would flatten all distinctions of expertise, rendering all statements on academic subjects equally valid, whether made by novices or by masters in the field, by students or by teachers.

In other words, it would cast aside the self-gover guaranteed to faculty by virtue of the belief that such peer review is necessary for the production of quality knowledge that can function effectively as a public good.

As the necessity for professional self-regulation and the peer equality that effective self-governance structures required went unattended, it allowed the rise of contingent labor in the acad- emy, which itself undermined academic freedom on campuses.

…ion.10 The rigorous and meaningful peer review that comes with the tenure system is what enables the formation of a community of peers capable of performing the self-regulation that was the quality control on the knowledge produced and disseminated in the academy. The generation and teaching of this socially beneficial knowledge is what justified the freedoms given to academics in the first place, so with…

self-regulation of a community of peers, the entire public-good model of higher education fails.

As Gerber argues, the faculty’s claim to a role in university governance is not based on the idea that all members of the university are guaranteed representation in governance, as in a democratic republic.13 Instead, it is the fact of having earned membership in a professional body (i.e., earned tenure) that guarantees one the right to participate in governance in the areas of faculty experience, such as curriculum and the hiring, assessment, and tenuring of academic personnel. The work done and the respect earned by having achieved such a place creates the equality among peers necessary for open debate.

It is critical, therefore, not to stop an analysis of the prob- lems posed to governance by contingent hiring with the idea of professionalism. The role of financial security must also be examined. Were all faculty in a department tenured at their current salary levels, extreme differentials in workload and com- pensation (which can easily reach $100,000 or more), could still hamper the equality required for effective professional gover- nance.

It is both of these factors—the ability to fire at will, and low labor cost—that the neoliberal university values and for the sake of which it pursues this type of hiring with ever-increasing vigor.

The essential point is to recognize the centrality to the university’s neoliberal economic system of the hiring structures that destroy the professional community through which the self-regulation of the faculty is supposed to take place. Moreover, we must see this as the further destruction of knowledge production as understood in the public-good regime, which allows faculty the privilege of academic freedom in exchange for the production of socially valuable knowl…

If academic freedom does not require the special employment relationship of tenure but is instead inherent in the mere fact of being hired as a teacher or researcher at an academic institution that states in its bylaws that all faculty possess such freedoms, then the university as an employer has free rein to configure the nature of the employment in whatever way best suits the interests of the institution as conceived by its administration and board.

…the academic capitalist system does include a provision for choice, for superior or inferior areas of study, but it is dominated by selection criteria that are different than those employed by scholars who assessed ideas solely or primarily under the auspices of the public-good model. The environment of American higher education has been altered to ensure that market values are the dominant criteria in academic and institutional decision-making as the university moves to integrate itself into the twenty-first-century…

A theory of academic freedom that rests not on a particu- lar employment relationship, but upon an individual right—a political right rather than an economic protection—is thus important to reconfiguring the university on an academic cap- italist model. Respect for academic freedom is still considered important to the reputation of a university, and is particularly strongly held within the professoriate. Even faculty who lack a strong understanding of academic freedom’s history and the way it once grounded the university’s place in society will assert its centrality to higher education. Therefore, instead of fading away with the advent of the academic capitalist regime, the concept is instead being transformed into something that will not undermine the neoliberal university’s ever-incr…

casualization of academic labor, the idea of academic freedom as an individual right.

These faculty are assured that their academic freedom will be respected and protected, a promise that can be made only if academic freedom is under- stood as an individual right that all faculty hired at an institution possess by virtue of its statement in a governance document. This is neoliberalism’s substitute for a freedom protected by an employment contract that guaranteed faculty independence through tenure and self-governance.

The idea behind tenure was to remove the fear of losing one’s employment from professors’ minds so that they might prosecute their academic work with independence and cred- ibility. Tenured professors can be fired, but only for adequate cause, which must be proven to their peers in a campus judi- cial hearing. The burden of proving this cause lies with the administration. In contrast, contingent faculty are at a mas- sive disadvantage in judicial proceedings alleging an academic freedom violation if they have been fired. Sometimes there is no requirement that the administration prove cause in the case of contingent faculty, even if they are fired in the middle of a contract, which means the faculty members themselves would have to grieve their firing and bear the burden of proof in showing that their firing was not done for cause and was in fact a violation of their academic freedom, as per the pro- cedures described above.

The casualization of the academic labor force coincided with the opening of the academy to women and racial minorities, shunting larger percentages of these incoming professors into contingent positions than in previous generations of university faculty, which were whiter and more masculine.

What these many parallels should make clear is that the min- imal protections offered by the university’s judicial system are clearly inadequate to guarantee the freedom of mind that is the end goal of academic freedom. The basic accessibility of the peer review offered by these courts is questionable and the deck is stacked against those with less institutional knowledge and clout, and fewer financial resources.

== A New Freedom ==

To forge a new freedom that will carry us through the neoliberal age, we need to abandon the language of neutral expertise and of work undertaken in service of some vaguely defined public good. Instead, we must proudly proclaim that the university is a profoundly politicized arena in which what exactly might constitute the good and who gets to define it are vigorously argued across and within fields of knowledge, in the domains of both research and teaching. The university’s social function is not as a place apart from our society’s battles over resources and priorities but as one of its most important forums for debating such questions. In this, it is similar in kind to the fourth estate—the public press—but only the university provides a place where detailed, long-form arguments can be articulated over time by those who have dedicated their lives to debating such questions. The knowledge produced by uni- versity faculty and discussed in their classrooms is in no way pure or neutral. It is, and always was, dirty, shot through with the interests, passions, and needs that drive democratic debate, and whether it contributes to a generalized public good or not depends entirely on the eye of the beholder. The university embodies democratic debate, in all its messiness, and we should celebrate both the process and the products of these dynamic and vital arguments.

Our libraries of academic knowledge function as seed banks to our society as it confronts new challenges and dangers.

They display “agreement not in opinions, but rather in form of life,” which I use here as a way to describe the deep investments faculty in different fields have to their notion of the way the world works and how one should appropriately engage with it. These forms of life can point us in new directions as a society and serve as fountains for a continuing flow of ideas within particular strains of knowledge.

The forms of life represented by university disciplines produce both the dirty knowledge of today and store in their dark cool depths the varied seeds that will be necessary to feed the world in the future.

In short, it collapses the “academic” in academic freedom into the identity of the individual—speech rights for those who are academics or participating in academic endeavors—rather than embedding it in the philosophy of higher education’s function in American society as in its original …

…omy and academic governance against entrepreneurial managerialism within an established bureaucratic framework.”3 In short, unions can mitigate the worst ravages of the academic capitalist system on the working conditions of the faculty, buttress grievance

structures, invigorate shared governance, and curb the speed at which the faculty is converted from tenured to contingent lines. What unionizing does not do is address the larger question of the university’s role in society.

…st the encroachments of academic capitalism.4 Academic unionization is thus a necessity, but it fails to provide the broader vision of the university in society that is ultimately needed to justify the special employment protections for which unions fight.

We need to stop relying on the rhetoric of the public good, as it is not working, either inside the university or outside its walls, and it is quite frankly becoming counterproductive.

That noneconomic, nonquantifiable good the university previously claimed to provide to the public is difficult to assess by any standard metric by which an institution can be held accountable by those providing funds for its accomplishment. In short, as a rhetorical point it fails to engage in the practices and values of neoliberal capitalism and so is now rarely deployed when making the case for state funding for the simple reason that it has no traction in our late-capitalist society.

Academic research has often been charged with irrelevance, but the public’s faith that such work ultimately benefits our collective society in some way has diminished to the point that the worth of such obscure projects is no longer taken on faith, and most academics spend little time thinking through or articulating that good to anyone outside their own fields.

Christopher Newfield’s work, which focuses on the “unmaking of the public university,” highlights the ways in which such institutions were originally conceived as forces for greater social equality, helping to create a strong American middle class in the same decades where tenure was instituted as a protection for academic freedom and as a lure for strong candidates to enter academia. The transformation of public universities in particular into increasingly privatized, high- cost institutions that saddle lower- and middle-class students with decades of staggering student loan payments consequently inverts their economic function in our society, causing greater economic insecurity for the middle class and contributing to its erosion under late capitalism.

There is a vicious circle at play with the loss of public support for higher education causing universities to seek funding from the corporate world, which pushes research (and thus teaching) priorities away from the public to the private sectors, which contributes to a greater loss of faith that universities exist for the public good, which justifies further state defunding.

…postmodern critiques of universal values and knowledge have exploded any appearance of a consensus in society, both inside and outside the academy. In laying bare the operation of power in knowledge creation and its repression of the voices of so many in society (women, people of color, the indigenous, the poor, lgbtqia2+ individuals, and so on), postmodern scholarship and activism has destroyed the notion of an unproblematic set of universal values or ideas along with the desirability of ever returning to such a state. The battles over resources in the academy, broadly construed (students, funding, faculty lines, syllabi, space in the curriculum), readily show that there is no consensus even within the university as to what good we might be pursuing through our work and thus how to prioritize our labor and resources.

The change of voices within the academy and the public square that not coincidentally came with postmodernism did more than shatter a shared sense of content: it also broke the consensus on facts and methods, that is, on a rationality through which agreement could be reached. The philosophical and demographic opening of the university has destroyed the consensus about what constitutes a well-educated individual capable of participating thoughtfully in public debate as much or more than the simplistic market rationality of neoliberalism.

At a time when a university education is once again

pulling out of the economic reach of many young citizens, to argue that participation in our democracy is dependent on such an expenditure is antidemocratic.

It is not the “uneducated masses” who have driven the imposition of academic capitalism or the saturation of neoliberal market values in American society. College graduates are the ones who have implemented neoliberalism, as politicians, technocrats, and busi- ness elites who learned these ideas and values partly in college. It is in fact popular movements not tied to academia that have provided the most vehement pushback against neoliberalism,…

A university education has not only not been a bulwark against the spread of neoliberal market ideology in the demos, it has been one of the principal vehicles for its spread. This undeniable fact is one of the reasons for the deep skepticism in both right- and left-wing popular movements of the knowledge produced and taught at universities.

…the idea of universities as providing a widely recognized public good is neither accurately descriptive of the role played by higher education in American society right now nor persuasive to the public to whose good we are supposedly contributing with our labor. It is time to articulate a new vision for the role the university plays in society and a new justification for the protection of faculty work.

Nealon proposes we stop fighting the idea that the university is becoming indis- tinguishable from a corporation and instead acknowledge what the work of Slaughter and Rhoades, among others, indicates: the university is already a business, and as such it is following the corporate trends of the neoliberal moment. And if we acknowl- edge this, the question shifts from how to keep the university from becoming more like a business to “How is it going to be run in the future? For what reasons? For the substantial benefit of what populations inside and outside the university commu- nity? And according to what labor protocols?”

The public cannot agree on what con- stitutes its own good right now, on a very fundamental level, making the public good a massively contested arena. Indeed, if the American public is taken in its entirety, and not just as those authorized to speak, when was it ever in agreement over what constituted the public good?

…make the case for reconceiving the university not as a site apart from society, producing neutral knowledge, but as an arena for debate that openly and vigorously involves itself in our society’s fierce struggles over what might constitute the good. Out of it emerges a vast bank of knowledge, all of it dirty, all of it per- meated by the operations of the power that produces it, and all of it absolutely critical to preserve for the sake of our society’s future needs and very survival…

We enfeeble these forms of life at our peril. The new academic freedom is a freedom to fight from a position of strength in a thoroughly politicized battle whose process and whose products are necessary to our collective future.

Claiming that the university produces or might produce politically neutral expertise requires that we deny both our own embeddedness in the debates of our times and the university’s de facto openness to outside influence. It also disadvantages certain projects and intellectual positions, ironically often the ones that faculty deploying such arguments hope to protect
or forward.

Perhaps it is not currently possible to fund all research through a general fund or general operational budget for the university. Perhaps we should be working toward that goal. If so, it would require a reversal of the current direction of academic capitalism, which privileges research that attracts and wins such outside funding.

The current insistence that university knowledge is neutral and undertaken for the public good, provided faculty are free to follow their best professional judgment, serves to obscure the reasons for the success or failure of certain schools of thought or lines of inquiry in the academy today.

The neutral playing field supposed by a liberal discourse of equally free academics disadvantages those who operate with fewer material resources.

Academic capitalism’s valuation of the rich and the privi- leging of the interests and desires of the rich when pursuing and disseminating knowledge is dramatically narrowing the scope of the types of knowledge the university produces. Who funds the faculty and projects that reflect the interests and desires of the poor man (or the Black man, or the woman)?

Universities are knowledge seed banks. We generate and house an extraordinary biodiversity of ideas. Within our walls we house the ancient and the futuristic, the bizarre and the mundane, the immediately useful and the seemingly pointless, the dangerous and the exciting. We create all these ideas and more, and we are continually generating new ones and storing them away for potential future use. The rampant intellectual diversity we house will provide the ideas necessary to survive coming droughts, floods, diseases, and other world-altering events, both literal and metaphorical. If the university con- tributes to a public good at all, it is in the sense that this seed bank is a public good as defined in economics: a resource that, like public infrastructure, benefits all without direct cost to the individual and without being diminished by its use by any par- ticular individual. The university’s bank of ideas is collectively built and not exhausted through individua…

Dirty knowledge may currently be considered good or not, depending on one’s viewpoint, and may be embedded in economic structures that prevent its functioning as a public good in the economic sense or even in the general sense of pro- viding widespread benefits throughout our society. But in the realm of the potential, a bank of knowledge is always a public good in the economic definition of the phrase. Its consistent value in the present lies in its potential for future public use.

Critical to its ability to provide this good is the breadth of variety in the seed bank. It could be that we need old stock upon which to graft new ideas and that the work of the medievalists is combined with those of biologists and engineers, or that the groundbreaking work of the particle physicists when combined with the deft skills of the musicians leads to healing we seek. We cannot know in advance. So while it could be argued that the narrow range of ideas produced under academic capitalism adequately speaks to the present needs of society, what happens when a radical shift in world circumstances occurs?

While many things are needed for a society to successfully strike new ground or confront and overcome massive challenges, one of those things is ideas—ideas that often are seen as too old, too new, too bizarre, or too irrelevant to have received much attention prior to the moment they become vitally necessary. As neoliberalism steers us to tailor our research to address only the immediate interests of a certain stratum of our society and chokes off projects and fields that range widely and unprofitably across the intellectual landscape, we are creating a monocul- ture, one that will render us increasingly fragile and make our response to new challenges ever more feeble and ineffectual. The barren intellectual monoculture encouraged by academic capitalism endangers us all in ways we cannot predict. As a society, we need to be constantly generating a true diversity of

ideas that are strengthened through interbreeding, competition, and symbiosis.

The professoriate might therefore best be described as a dense network of Wittgensteinian forms of life, or ways of being in the world that groups of people practice, through actions and speech, and that characterize their conception of that world.

We might also wish to revel in the joy and pleasure that the full diversity of human ideas offers to those who seek out its riches. The healing, humor, entertainment, and beauty preserved in the seed bank and in the forms of life perambulating around university campuses have much to offer to our society through the enrichment of our lives and our humanity.

…as academic capitalism slowly chokes off some of these ways of life, we lose the biodiversity of ideas we will need to survive coming plagues. Some of these forms of life exist and are indeed dominant in the world outside the university’s walls, but many are not. They exist only in the unusually intellectually rich environment of higher education and will die out entirely if left to languish there.

I once spoke to a colleague working on a one-year contract who explained that he tried hard to eliminate himself from the intellectual life of his department, to be generally forgettable and forgotten and thereby as safe as it was possible to be. It was an extreme response to his employment situation, but an entirely rational one. People working under such conditions are not being equipped to fight successfully for their form of life: they are not free.

Nearly three quarters of faculty effectively do not have academic free- dom. Eventually, if not immediately, we will suffer from the narrowness and fragility of the intellectual monoculture we are producing.

Rather than seeking to preside over society as arbiters, we should acknowledge our place in the dirt and dust of the fight and celebrate the strength and power of our contenders. We also need to insist upon the proper support and training for all, for the joy of the current contest and also for the sake of our collective future. The faculty need the freedom to seek out ideas and to communicate them unfettered by anything but their own collective judgment. For if the university does help to

forward democracy, it is by providing this space for contending ideas to be fully investigated and carefully articulated in great detail and often at great length by people who have dedicated their lives to understanding and embodying the myriad ways in which we achieve some form of the “good” for our society. If it does contribute to a public good, it is by storing the results of those battles for future potential use. For our democracy to truly work for the good of all, it must not be a “marketplace of ideas,” where the value of an idea is set by the purchasing power of those with money. It must instead be an arena where strong champions for every conceivable form of life can make their most robust case. If we wish to hear the greatest possible diversity of ideas, the opportunity to speak cannot be condi- tioned by a price tag. It must be free.

Professors cannot be overworked, underpaid, at-will employees and do this necessary work. Academic union- ization will effectively push back on some of these conditions and should be vigorously pursued. We must also continue to make the case for tenure, or some similar mechanism for continued employment regardless of the popularity of a professor’s ideas and teaching so as to recover the intellectual freedoms tenure was designed to foster and protect.

Articulating new and potentially controversial (or potentially irrelevant) ideas is not a danger to our job; it is in fact our job.

Third, it makes explicit the material inequities under which the pro- moters of different forms of life and lines of inquiry operate so that we do not mistake material advantage for intellectual advantage.

Like a wild profusion of plants, professors compete for the resources they need to generate the intellec- tual seeds specific to their form of life, seeds that universities will continue to store in the expectation that someday we as a society will need them to maintain and improve our quality of life, or even to perpetuate our species on earth.

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== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

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=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schleck 2022|Schleck, Julia. ''Dirty Knowledge: Academic Freedom in the Age of Neoliberalism.'' University of Nebraska Press, 2022.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kahan 2000|Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Thoburn 2016|Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book: On the Art and Politics of Radical Publishing.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2016.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Beniger 1986

2025-10-09T18:16:31Z

Wtrettien:

Beniger, James. The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Harvard UP, 1986.

Human society seems rather to evolve largely through changes so gradual as to be all but imperceptible, at least compared to the generational cycles of the individuals through whose lives they unfold. Second, contemporaries of major societal transformations are frequently distracted by events and trends more dramatic in immediate impact but less lasting in significance.

Page 2

…society is currently experiencing a revolu- tionary transformation on a global scale. Unlike most of the other writers, however, I do not conclude that the crest of change is either recent, current, or imminent. Instead, I trace the causes of change back to the middle and late nineteenth century, to a set of problems— in effect a crisis of control—generated by the industrial revolution in manufacturing and transportation. The response to this crisis, at least in technological innovation and restructuring of the economy, occurred most rapidly around the turn of the century and amounted to nothing less, I argue, than a revolution in societal control.

Page 6

Beginning most noticeably in the United States in the late nineteenth century, the Control Revolution was certainly a dramatic if not abrupt discontinuity in technological advance. Indeed, even the word revo- lution seems barely adequate to describe the development, within the span of a single lifetime, of virtually all of the basic communication technologies still in use a century later: photography and telegraphy (1830s), rotary power printing (1840s), the typewriter (1860s), trans- atlantic cable (1866), telephone (1876), motion pictures (1894), wireless telegraphy (1895), magnetic tape recording (1899), radio (1906), and television (1923).

Page 7

Along with these rapid changes in mass media and telecommuni- cations technologies, the Control Revolution also represented the be- ginning of a restoration—although with increasing centralization—of the economic and political control that was lost at more local levels of society during the Industrial Revolution. Before this time, control of government and markets had depended on personal relationships and face-to-face interactions; now control came to be reestablished by means of bureaucratic organization, the new infrastructures of trans- portation and telecommunications, and system-wide communication via the new mass media.

Page 7

Inseparable from the concept of control are the twin activities of information processing and reciprocal communication, complementary factors in any form of control. Information processing is essential to all purposive activity, which is by definition goal directed and must therefore involve the continual comparison of current states to future goals, a basic problem of information processing. So integral to control is this comparison of inputs to stored programs that the word control itself derives from the medieval Latin verb contrarotulare, to compare something “against the rolls,” the cylinders of paper that served as official records in ancient times.

Page 8

So central is communication to the process of control that the two have become the joint subject of the modern science of cybernetics, defined by one of its founders as “the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the…

Page 8

Because both the activities of information processing and commu- nication are inseparable components of the control function, a society’s ability to maintain control—at all levels from interpersonal to inter-

Page 8

Pen

Page 8

national relations—will be directly proportional to the development of its information technologies.

Page 9

‘Technology may therefore be considered as roughly equivalent to that which can be done, excluding only those capabilities that occur naturally in living systems.

Page 9

Like these earlier revolutions in matter and energy processing, the Control Revolution resulted from innovation at a most fundamental level of technology—that of infor- mation processing.

Page 9

Information processing may be more difficult to appreciate than matter or energy processing because information is epiphenomenal: it derives from the organization of the material world on which it is wholly dependent for its existence.

Page 9

…bureaucratic organization tends to appear wherever a collective activ- ity needs to be coordinated by several people toward explicit and impersonal goals, that is, to be controlled. Bureaucracy has served as the generalized means to control any large social system in most in- stitutional areas and in most cultures since the emergence of such systems by about 3000 B.c.

Page 13

Nevertheless, bureaucratic administration did not begin to achieve anything approximating its modern form until the late Industrial Revolution.

Page 14

Rationalization must therefore be seen, following Weber, as a complement to bureaucratization, one that served control in his day much as the preprocessing of information prior to its processing by computer serves control today.

Page 15

Tne reason why people can be governed more readily qua things is that the amount of information about them that needs to be processed is thereby greatly reduced and hence the degree of control—for any constant capacity to process information—is greatly enhanced. By means of rationalization, therefore, it is possible to main- tain large-scale, complex social systems that would be overwhelmed by arising tide of information they could not process were it necessary to govern by the particularistic considerations of family and kin that characterize preindustrial societies.

Page 15

In short, rationalization might be defined as the destruction or ig- noring of information in order to facilitate its processing.

Page 15

The rapid development of rationalization and bureaucracy in the mid- dle and late nineteenth century led to a succession of dramatic new information-processing and communication technologies. These inno- vations served to contain the control crisis of industrial society in what can be treated as three distinct areas of economic activity: production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Page 16

Machinery itself came in- creasingly to be controlled by two new information-processing tech-

Page 16

nologies: closed-loop feedback devices like James Watt’s steam governor (1788) and preprogrammed open-loop controllers like those of the Jac- quard loom (1801). By 1890 Herman Hollerith had extended Jacquard’s punch cards to tabulation of U.S. census data. This information- processing technology survives to this day—if just barely—owing largely to the corporation to which Hollerith’s innovation gave life, Interna- tional Business Machines (IBM). F…

Page 17

The resulting flood of mass-produced goods demanded comparable innovation in control of a second area of the economy: distribution. Growing infrastructures of transportation, including rail networks, steamship lines, and urban traction systems, depended for control on a corresponding infrastructure of information processing and telecom- munications.

Page 17

This coevolution of the railroad and telegraph systems fostered the development of another communication infrastructure for control of mass distribution and consumption: the postal system.

Page 17

The mechanism for communicating information to a national audience of consumers developed with the first truly mass medium: power- driven, multiple-rotary printing and mass mailing by rail.

Page 18

Although most of the new information technologies originated in the private sector, where they were used to control production, distri- bution, and consumption of goods and services, their potential for controlling systems at the national and world level was not overlocked by government. Since at least the Roman Empire, where an extensive road system proved equally suited for moving either commerce or troops, communications infrastructures have served to control both economy and polity. As corporate bureaucracy came to control in-…

Page 20

One major result of the Control Revolution had been the emergence of the so-called Information Society. The concept dates from the late 1950s and the pioneering work of an economist, Fritz Machlup, who first measured that sector of the U.S. economy associated with what he called “the production and distribution of knowledge” (…

Page 21

The same report introduced the neologism telematics for this most recent stage of the Information Society, although similar words had been suggested earlier—for ex- ample, compunications (for “computing + communications”) by An-

Page 25

Crucial to telematics, compunications, or whatever word comes to be used for this convergence of information-processing and commu- nications technologies is increasing digitalization: coding into discon- tinuous values—usually two-valued or binary—of what even a few years ago would have been an analog signal varying continuously in time, whether a telephone conversation, a radio broadcast, or a television picture. Because most modern computers process digital information, the progressive digitalization of mass media and tele- communications content begins to blur earlier distinctions between the communication of information and its processing (as implied by the term compunications), as well as between people and machines. Dig- italization makes communication from persons to machines, between machines, and even from machines to persons as easy as it is between persons. Also blurred are the distinctions among information types: numbers, words, pictures, and sounds, and eventually tastes, odors, and possibly even sensations, all might one day be stored, processed, and communicated in the same digital form.

Page 25

In this way digitalization promises to transform currently diverse forms of information into a generalized medium for processing and exchange by the social system, much as, centuries ago, the institution

Page 25

of common currencies and exchange rates began to transform local markets into a single world economy. We might therefore expect the implications of digitalization to be as profound for macrosociology as the institution of money was for macroeconomics.

Page 26

…of control and the resulting Control Revo- lution is that particular attention to the material aspects of information processing, communication, and control makes possible the synthesis of a large proportion of the literature on contemporary social change.

Page 26

For example, could a control rev- olution have come before an industrial one? (The answer, as we shall see, is clearly no.)

000032.pdg

Pen

000032.pdg

That these circumstances have shifted from land and capital to information-that information has emerged as the material base of modern economies-challenges the social theory we have inherited from the nineteenth century, much as the Industrial Revolution challenged Marx and other thinkers of that era to recon- sider preindustrial theories.

000032.pdg

One such model, suggested in the previous chapter, is that of society as a processing system, one that sustains itself by extracting matter and energy from the environment and distributing them among its members.

000032.pdg

What we recognize in the end-directedness or purpose of organi- zation is the essential property of control, already defined as purposive influence toward a predetermined goal. Control accounts for the dif- ference between even the most complex inorganic crystal and simple organisms like the amoeba: the amoeba controls both itself and its environment; the crystal does not. As noted in the previous chapter, everything living processes information to effect control; nothing that is not alive can do so-nothing, that is, except certain artifacts of our own invention, artifacts that proliferated with the Control Revo- lution.

000035.pdg

Purposive organization and control, in other words, define the tan- gible discontinuity that distinguishes life from the inorganic universe. On one side, the exclusive province of the physical sciences, we find only matter, energy, and their ordering in the epiphenomenon we call information. On the other side, our own side in that we ourselves are living systems, we find structures purposively organized (in von Neu- mann's sense) for information processing, communication, and control, the special subject matter of the behavioral and life sciences.

000035.pdg

Here, then, is the most fundamental reason why the Control Rev- olution has been so profound in its impact on human society: it trans- formed no less than the essential life function itself. Rapid technological expansion of what Darwin called life's "marvellous structure and prop- erties" and what we now see to include organization, information pro- cessing, and communication to effect control constitute a change unprecedented in recorded history. We would have to go back at least to the emergence of the vertebrate brain if not to the first replicating molecule-marking the origin of life on earth-to find a leap in the capability to process information comparable to that of the Control Revolution.

000036.pdg

Because societies must also be concrete open systems if they are to sustain their organization against the progressive degrading of their collective energy, the view of organisms as concrete open processing systems applies equally to their socialaggregates. The essence of human society, in other words, is its continuous processing of physical throughputs, from their input to the concrete social system to their final consumption and output as waste.

000037.pdg

One idea directly inspired by the Control Revolution in technology is the concept of a program, a word that first appeared in the seventeenth century for public notices but which in the past 150 years has spread through other organizational and informational technologies: plans for formal proceedings (1837), political platforms (1895), broadcast pre- sentations (1923),electronic signals (1935),computer instructions (1945), educational procedures (1950), and training (1963). In general, pro- gram has come to mean any prean-anged information that guides sub- sequent behavior.

000039.pdg

All control is thus programmed: it depends on physically encoded information, which must include both the goals toward which a process is to be •influenced and the procedures for processing additional information toward that end.

000040.pdg

The difference reflects the progress of the Control Revolution which, as already noted, resulted in a fundamental change in human thought between the 1870s and 1930s.

000043.pdg

Born just three years after Maxwell's seminal paper on control theory, in the same decade that brought technological inno- vations like the telephone, phonograph, and microphone, the demon was not retired until the understanding of information had reached a high level of quantitative sophistication-…

000048.pdg

The basic lessons of Maxwell's demon-that control involves pro- gramming, that programs require inputs of information, that infor- mation does not exist independent of matter and energy and the ref ore must incur costs in terms of increased entropy-all seem commonplace today.

000048.pdg

It is hardly surprising that, with the growing understanding of pro- grammed control by computers after World War II, scientists would begin to decipher the ancient language of DNA and to exploit its programming in new technologies.

000056.pdg

Pen

000056.pdg

As happened so often since the advent of the Control Revolution, concepts from information and communicationtechnology-here Morse's binary telegraph code-helped scientists to reconceptualize traditional subjects like cellular biology.

000057.pdg

Thus the world commercial system foundered for centuries in a vicious cycle in which poor communications and the resulting lack of information prevented the increased specialization and control that would have made specialization itself less necessary.

000124.pdg

How, then, do we account for the obsession of the American colonial merchant with kin and personal relationships in his business or for the persistence of the family partnership as the dominant form of com- mercial organization well into the nineteenth century? The answer, as we shall see, lies in the need to control widely dispersed transactions without adequate telecommunications or effective legal sanctions. If lack of sufficient information-processing, communication, and control technology caused the retention of traditionalist values in commerce, it seems reasonable to expect the converse: that rationalization of these values will follow improvements in the same technology.

000128.pdg

DESPITE the modest technological and economic innovations in control under commercial capitalism, the world djstributional system, even in the early nineteenth century, • sim'ply did not require anything ap- proaching: the degree of control that would become ne~essary under raP,iilindustrializatio:p. Because· capital remained so mobile under the centuries-old commercial order, it served as the major medium-in the form of money and commercial paper-for communication and control of the world Sys\em.

000169.pdg

If profit provided the incentive to process matter faster under in- dustrial capitalism, steam power provided the means. The difference, in a word, was speed.

000169.pdg

To the extent that market conditions change faster than buyers and sellers are able to respond, using the infrastructure of information processing and communication available to them, or that the costs of information about prices remain high, markets will deviate from the classical economic model, which assumes free and perfect information and instantaneous transactions.

000172.pdg

The parameter that this book finds to be most central to the Control Revolution, namely speed, drew the most in- novations in its automatic control (six)-all after the mid-1780s. In short, Table 5.1, insofar as it establishes at least a temporal correlation between early industrialization and what Mayr calls a "veritable break- through" in feedback technology, bolsters a central argument of this book: the Industrial Revolution and the harnessing of inanimate sources of energy to material processes more generally led inevitably to an increased need for control.

000175.pdg

By developing this infrastructure, essential for the processing and distribution of matter and energy, the Commercial Revolution helped to establish necessary preconditions for the Industrial Revolution, in effect the application of inanimate energy to the material processing system.

000177.pdg

What made the Commercial Revolution truly revolutionary was that, for the first time, distributional and control systems including infor- mation processing, programming, and telecommunications could be sustained indefinitely on a global basis. Industrialization became rev- olutionary when the energy harnessed vastly exceeded that of any naturally occurring or animate source; the resulting throughput and processing speeds greatly exceeded the capability of unaided humans to control. What made the Control Revolution in fact revolutionary was the development of technologies far beyond the capability of any individual, whether in the form of the massive bureaucracies of the late nineteenth century or of the microprocessors of the late twentieth century. In all cases it was not the novelty of the commodities pro- cessed (whether matter, energy, or information) that proved decisive, contrary to Bell, but rather the transcendence of the information- processing capabilities of the individual organism by a much greater technological system.

000185.pdg

As we have already seen, the colonial merchant, a generalist who embraced all types of products and embodied all basic commercial functions, differed little from his counterpart in fifteenth-century Ven- ice. Within two generations, however, these general merchants had been largely replaced by more specialized workers: shipowners, fin- anciers, jobbers, transporters, insurers, brokers, auctioneers, retail- ers-a growing network of middlemen to process and move material goods. What merchants remained came increasingly to specialize in only one or two lines of goods, and to concentrate on a single commercial function: importing, wholesaling, retailing, or exporting.

000185.pdg

This squares with the systems view that tertiary services constitute a necessary precondition of industrialization-and not only because they facilitate the movement and processing of matter and energy by the system. Tertiary services also enable businessmen to specialize in only a few lines of goods and even to concentrate on a single commercial function…

000189.pdg

To power the extraction, processing, and distribution of material throughputs to industrial production, the system turned for its energy from sources animate (human and draft animal) to sources inanimate (steam-powered machinery) and from natural kinetic sources (wind and water) to sources chemical (coal and electric batteries). For this reason anthracite and iron mining gained in importance in the primary sector relative to agriculture, while textile and metals production- the most effective early applications of steam power-came to domi- nate the secondary sector. Steam-powered transportation, especially railroads and steamship lines, speeded processing and distribution; even faster electrical communicationvia a national telegraph grid helped to control the new systems of transportation and commerce.

000202.pdg

With the development of a year-round, dependable, and predictable transportation system that could move throughputs at the speed of steam, after 1840, the Industrial Revolution-grounded in similarly fast, steam-powered factory production-could at last take hold in the United States, nearly a century after its beginning in Great Britain.

000214.pdg

As domestic anthracite provided the energy, pig iron the matter, and steam-driven machinery the material processing for industrialization, the rapidly expanding rail network provided the infrastructure to move throughputs on an interregional, national, and finally continental scale.

000214.pdg

Dramatic problems of control first appeared, as might be expected, on the railroads, the first part of the material processing system to harness the speed of steam power on a large scale. Because early railroads operated for most of their length on only a single track at unprece- dented speeds of up to thirty miles per hour, they faced the problem of especially dangerous and costly head-on collisions. Lacking modern communication and control technology, most railroads adopted one of two solutions. On longer, lightly traveled roads, all trains ran one way one day and the other way the next. This solution did not prove eco- nomical or convenient enough for shorter, busier routes, however, where the first of two trains scheduled to meet running in opposite directions would wait at a midpoint station or siding until the other had passed. Without the technologies of centralized bureaucratic con- trol, telegraphic communication, and formalized operating procedures along the line, however, and lacking even standardized signals, time- tables, and synchronized watches aboard each train, many accidents did occur (Fig. 6.1).

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Control of each train became centralized in its conductor, who had standardized detailed programs for responding to delays, breakdowns, and other contingencies, who carried a watch synchronized with all others on the line, and who moved his train according to precise time- tables.

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To describe the conductors on the reorganized Western line as "pro- grammed" might at first seem anachronistic, a needless intrusion of contemporary jargon into the early nineteenth century. The fact re- mains, however, that in their control of trains the Western conductors might have been replaced in many of their functions by on-board micro- computers or, given modern telecommunications, by a more centralized means of computer control. Seen in this way, the Western conductors take on new significance: they are possibly the first persons in history to be used as programmable, distributed decision makers in the control of fast-moving flows through a system whose scale and speeds pre- cluded control by more centralized structures. This use of human beings, not for their strength or agility, nor for their knowledge or intelligence, but for the more objective capacity of their brains to store and process information, would become over the next century a dominant feature of employment in the Information Society.

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Pen

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With the rapid diffusion of the telegraph, after Morse's successful demonstration in 1844, and the adoption and refinement of the West- em's organizationalinnovations, the danger of collisionsno longer ranked as the railroad's major control problem by the 1850s. In the first half of that decade, which brought the first four trunk lines-the Erie (1851),Baltimore and Ohio (1852),New York Central (1853),and Penn- sylvania (1854)-connecting East and West, the control crisis of the railroads shifted from safety to efficiency in keeping track ·of trains, cars, and personnel in increasingly large, complex, and busy systems.

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The entire system of transportation and distribution derived pro- gressive coordination and integration-as Table 6.1 suggests-from a succession of new communication systems involving both infrastruc- ture or common carriers and generalized media of exchange. The com- mon caniers, which developed increasingly apart from the develop- ment of the railroads, included the telegraph, postal, and telephone systems-all point-to-point networks well suited to control transpor- tation and distribution. New generalized media of exchange-and therefore of communicationand control-included postage stamps (1852), the through bill of lading (1853), federal paper currency (1862), and postal money orders (1864), among many others.

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Just as the early pioneers of genetic biology were information specialists from physics and mathematics, as we saw in Chapter 2, and the pioneers of computer control came from mathematics and engi- neering, so too did the early leaders of organizational control-as typ- ified by Charles Babbage, mathematician, and David McCallum, engineer-represent abstract and analytic rather than practical ex- perience with information processing and decision. In times of true crisis, it would seem, experience with the old technologies provides little help in devising revolutionary new ones-more theoretical and general disciplines better fill that need.

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Pen

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Coordination and control of production therefore became no less important than the innovations in equipment or more intensive applications of energy that made pos- sible the continual increases in volume and speed. Producers with the best control technologies could maintain the greatest speeds, produce at the lowest costs, and thereby enjoy an important edge on compet- itors.

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Ironically enough, two technologies that would be central to much wider control of material economies in the twentieth century-namely, Hollerith punch cards and operations research-emerged early in the Industrial Revolution in England and France for the control of steam-driven mechanical production…

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The key innovation in social technology was the commodity exchange, based on the telegraph and later on telephone exchanges, which permitted crops to be sold in transit and even before harvest and allowed the exploitation of even minute-by-minute changes in prices.

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Commodity exchanges accompanied diffusion of the telegraph, which was launched in 1844 and in eight years comprised a continental tele- communications network of some twenty-three thousand miles (Fig.

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Successful coordination of through freight traffic, combined with the growing network of elevators, warehouses, and other storage facilities increasingly accessible by telegraphic communication, meant that the flow of agricultural commodities, despite its unprecedented velocity, could be regulated with precision. Deliveries could be scheduled for times when manufacturers would be ready to process or when retail inventories would likely be depleted, and trade in agricultural com- modities could be carried on throughout the year.

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As with the control of production (Table 6.2), early control of distribution came mostly through innovations in pre- processing, in this case to faciliate market transactions, the processing equivalent of throughputs to production. These marketing innovations included-within a fifty-year period-standardized methods of sort- ing, grading, weighing, and inspecting, packaging in containers of fixed sizes and weights, fixed prices, standardized sizes, and periodic pre- sentation to consumers via catalog.

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Not until steam power had sufficiently increased the speed and volume of material processing and the resulting increase in outputs could be distributed widely with the precision made possible by coevolving networks of railroad and telegraph did bureaucratic control become more efficient and more profitable than coordination by the market.

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Power-driven printing distributed by rail, the major mass medium before broadcasting, improved rapidly-parallel to the developing cri- sis in control of consumption-though a spate of innovations: the first electric press (1839) and rotary printing (1846), wood pulp and rag paper and the curved stereotype plate (1854), paper-folding machines (1856), the mechanical typesetter (1857), high-speed printing and fold- ing press (1875), and linotype (1886).

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The nineteenth-century revolution in information technology was pred- icated on if not directly caused by social changes associated with earlier innovations. Just as the Industrial Revolution presupposed a com- mercial system for capital allocations and the distribution of goods, as we saw in Chapters 4 and 5, the Control Revolution developed in re- sponse to problems arising out of advanced industrialization:a mounting crisis of control at the most aggregate level of national and international systems, levels that had had little practical relevance before the mass production, distribution, and consumption of factory goods.

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…the rapid development of officetechnology during early industrialization. In 1780 a modern American office might contain printed business forms and file cabinets, communicate via mail, parcel post and courier, subscribe to various types of news publications, and hire financial and other professional information services. In general, informational goods and services-as well as media and content-were still sharply separated. Bureaucracy, where it could be said to exist at all, lacked structural

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differentiation and specializationof function.

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A century later, in the midst of the revolution in generalized infor- mation processing and control, the modern American office had added a dozen major information technologies and services: telegraph and telephone, international record carriers and other local delivery ser- vices, newsletter, loose-leaf and directory subscriptions, news and ad- vertising services, and differentiated security systems (includingdistrict telegraphs that could summon police or the fire brigade with the turn of a crank). By the 1890stypewriters, phonographs, and cash registers had also come into common use in American business (Fig. 6.10). The new office technologies and services, added since the advent of indus- trialization and the resulting need for increased control, reflected a trend toward integration of informational goods and services, media and content, that has continued unabated to…

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…a spate of basic inventions to improve the generation of infor- mation within bureaucracy. These innovations included blotting paper (1856), the pencil with eraser and steel (Esterbrook) pen (1858), carbon paper (1872), and modern keyboard typewriter (1873);all can be found in many offices to this day. The new tools for creating information could also be applied-by the 1870s-to the preprocessing of new informational inputs to the modern office: not only the loose-leaf and directory services already mentioned but also the stock ticker (1870), messenger news service (1882), and press clipping service (1884). Pro- cessing of numerical data came to be facilitated by two inventions- the keyboard calculator (1887)and punch-card tabulator (1889)-whose social implications would be felt well into the twentieth century…

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Recording or information storage capabilities increased with the systematization of shorthand, including the first professional shorthand journal (1848), the systematization of office record keeping (early 1870s), and the dictating machine (1885).

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Office communica- tion improved with a continuous stream of innovations, from manu- factured envelopes (1839) to the desk telephone (1886) (Fig.

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Mass media were not sufficient to effect true control, however, with- out a means of feedback from potential consumers to advertisers, a mechanism that would restore to the emerging national and world markets an essential relationship of the earlier segmental markets: communication from consumer to producer…

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The smooth transition from control crisis to Control Revolution in the 1880s and 1890scan be attributed to three primary dynamics, each of which has sustained the steady development of information societies through the twentieth century. First, control technologies have co- evolved with energy utilization and processing speeds in a positive spi- ral, advances in any one factor causing or at least enabling improvements in the others.

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Second, increased control brought increased reliability and hence predicwbility of processes and flows, which in turn meant increasing

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economic returns on the application of information-processing tech- nology.

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Contrary to prevailing views, which locate the origins of the Information Society in World War II (Wiener 1948, 1950)or in the commercial development of tele- vision (McLuhan 1964)or computers (Berkeley 1962; Martin and Nor- man 1970;Tomeski 1970;Hawkes 1971)during the 1950s, or computer- based telecommunications in the 1960s and early 1970s (Brzezinski 1970; Oettinger 1971; Hiltz and Turoff 1978; Martin 1978, 1981; Nora and Mine 1978),or microprocessing technology in the late 1970s (Evans 1979;Forester 1980; Laurie 1981), we shall see from this analysis that the basic societal transformation from Industrial to Information So- ciety had been essentially completed by the late 1930s.

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Pen

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Only in the late 1870s and 1880s did advances in actual information processing-as opposed to information reduction or pre- processing-come to industrial production. These innovations gave the

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late nineteenth-century factory the components basic to all information processors: internal communication and process control, as in the shop- order systems based on routing slips (mid-1870s); hierarchical differ- entiation and specialization for control, as in the rate-fixing depart- ments (early 1880s); programmed control, as in the cost control of factories (1885); and data collection and storage, as with the new au- tomatic recording devices (late 1880s).

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In essence, scientific management aimed to preprocess the activities of individual workers qua processors, much as earlier efforts at pre- processing in industrial production-interchangeable parts, standard- ization of sizes, integration of flows-had focused on the entire factory as a continuous processor.

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Essential to the assembly line is the standardization and inter- changeability of parts, ideas "in the air" almost from the beginnings of industrialization in the late eighteenth century (Giedion 1948, pp. 47-50) and the basis of the American System of manufacturing by the 1840s.

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Certainly American contributions to automatic control came independently and brought increasing numbers of patents by the 1880s, when Elmer Sperry began work on a regulator for dynamo-electric machines that exploited au- tomatic control.. Of Sperry's nineteen patent applications between 1883 and 1887, eleven included some form of automatic control, more than half involving closed-loopfeedback (Hughes 1971,pp. 45-46). Although Sperry's inventions were hardly unique (the U.S. Patent Officegranted protection to twenty-two generator regulators in 1884alone), his early career does provide further evidence that information engineering, cybernetics, and even computer science trace their origins to the…

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and 1890s-the beginning of the Control Revolution-and not to World War II or to subsequent developments.

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Pen

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Increasingly the Control Revolution meant that industrial proc- esses could be run with little or no human intervention: a bread plant (1910), an electric substation (1914), a photographic film-developing studio (1926), the doors of commercial establishmen…

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Also crucial to control of rapid and long-distance transportation was radio, a wholly new medium of telecommunications that developed almost parallel to the Control Revolution followingpublication of Max- well's theory of electromagnetic radiation in 1873. Within the decade and for the remainder of the century, the problem of exploiting radio waves for telecommunications occupied leading scientists throughout the world…

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Computer scientists whom I have asked informally to compare these six information-processing problems rate the achievements of Sperry and Ford above those of Bush, Torres, and Fischer and Harris, ten- tative evidence that the control of transportation-which necessarily involves control of complex movements, processes, and speed-pre- sents a greater challenge for computing than number-crunching per se.

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Transportation has always been a field with countless and continuing problems of control and hence information processing-a field which historians of computing have not yet begun to explore.

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Pen

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The coevolvingnetworks of transportation and communicationserved to move still more generalized media of exchange, including travelers' checks (1891), precanceled stamps (1917), and facsimile bank checks (1926). In 1918 the first electric funds transfer system, known today as "Fedwire," eliminated the medium of paper in moving money be- tween the Federal Reserve and member banks; two years later Pitney Bowes eliminated the need for postage stamps when it secured federal approval of …

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Stereotyping, the casting of metal in pulp-paper molds to produce printing plates, allowed for print advertisements of more than a single column's width without distracting vertical rules. Despite the great expense of stereotyping machinery, forty-five such systems operated in the United States by 1880.

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Half-tone illustrated mass printing brought a new medium of mass advertising: the mass-circulation magazine. Pulp "mail-order maga- zines," so called because mail-order advertisements engulfed what lit- tle popular fictionthey contained, had reached circulationsof five hundred thousand by the early 1870s, with several million subscribers-mostly rural and poorly educated-in the late 1880s…

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With the rise of the mass-circulation magazine, a refinement of the essential idea of the mail-order magazine, printing had at last become- some four centuries after Gutenberg-not merely a means of mass production but also a mass medium, a new channel for advertising and hence the stimulation and control of mass production itself.

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As late as 1894, only 30 percent of advertisements in four selected publications con- tained illustrations; the proportion increased steadily to nearly 90 per- cent by 1919 (Kitson 1921, p.

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Thus did the power of visual communication to stimulate and control consumer demand come to be realized-nearly a half-century before commercial television-in the mass-circulation magazine.

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New technologies made possible the modern mass-circulation daily newspaper at about the same time. Except for the linotype, developed after 1886, the technological revolution in power mass printing had been· essentially completed in 1883, when Joseph Pulitzer took over the New York World and transformed it into what most newspaper historians consider America's first modern newspaper. The following half-century, the transitional period of the Control Revolution, brought several printing innovations: the sextuple press (1891), which could print and fold 90,000 four-page newspapers in an hour; the web-fed four-color rotary (1892) and color rotogravure (1904) presses; the au- tomatic plate-casting and finishing machine (1900), which greatly in- creased the speed of stereotype printing; and the teletypesetter (1932), a paper tape punch and drive for linotype.

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…the comic book (1904), originally compilations of colored cartoons previously published in newspapers; the crossword puzzle (1913), special rotogravure section (1914), illustrated daily tab- loid (1919),and compositephotographic layout or "composograph"(1925).

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The growth and decline of the daily newspaper as a means of mass communication in the United States perfectly parallels the transition to the Control Revolution in mass consumption.

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Despite continuing innovations in mass publishing, and even though newspa- pers have always attracted a greater share of advertising than have radio and television combined, after the 1920s bureaucratic control of consumption based on national advertising came increasingly to depend on radio and television broadcasting.

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In contrast to the twenty magazines that had attained circulations of 100,000by 1905when two millionread Pulitzer's World, radio broad- casts in the mid-1920s reached fifty million listeners; by the late 1930s the programming of a single advertising agency received one million fan letters per week (Fox 1984, pp. 152, 160).

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Chapter 6 de- scribed a crisis of control in office technology and bureaucracy in the 1880s, as the growing scope, complexity, and speed of information processing-including inventory, billing, and sales analysis-began to strain the manual handling systems of large business enterprises. This crisis had begun to ease by the 1890s, owing to innovations not only in the processor itself (formal bureaucratic structure) but also in its information creation or gathering (inputs), in its recording or storage (memory), in its formal rules and procedures (programming), and in its processing and communication (both internal and as outputs to its environment).

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Characteristic of the transition to the Control Revolution in bu- reaucracy is the history of the Library Bureau of Boston. Founded in 1876 as an offshoot of the American Library Association, the Bureau had discovered an increasingly good business in providing specialized library supplies and equipment not available elsewhere. By 1894, ac- cording to the Bureau's Classified Illustrated Catalog of that year, it had made an even more startling discovery: "There is hardly a library article on our list that is not also used in offices."

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Bolstered by the growing generalization and convergence of infor- mation-processing technology across all offices, the Library Bureau began a separate department of Improved Business Methods, joining the ranks of a growing number of "systematizers," what today would be called management consultants, an early application of scientific management to bureaucracy. What had less than twenty years earlier been a professional association for librarians, the first information sci- entists, now boasted that "among life and fire insurance companies, banks, railways, large manufacturing establishments, and to repre- sentative houses in almost every line, it has not only suggested and installed better methods and improved machinery, but it has also ef- fected great savings in expense." Two years later, in March 1896, the Library Bureau became the exclusive agent for Hollerith data- processing equipment in England, France, Germany, and Italy and soon contracted with Travelers' Insurance to compile a year's records using the new system…

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Desk-top calculators, which owe their intellectual origins to the seventeenth-century machinery of Wil- helm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz, among others (Flad 1963), had been. commercially mass-produced in Europe since about 1820 (Turck 1…

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Punched paper cards, developed by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801 to program the patterns woven in power looms (Fig. 6.3) and adopted by Babbage in 1833 for data inputs and programming for his Analytical Engine, had by 1884 been perfected by Herman Hollerith as a medium for electro- mechanical information processing and tabulation. In 1889 Hollerith received U.S. patent 395,781, entitled "Art of Compiling Statistics," for his electric punch-card tabulator…

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World War II, the period often cited as the origin of modern computing, the American pioneers of generalized information-processing hardware had already built a half-dozen impressive computing machines: the differential analyzer of MIT engineering professor Vannevar Bush (1930), the first automatic computer general enough to solve a wide variety of problems (Fig. 9.1); the "mechanical programmer" of Columbia Uni- versity astronomer Wallace Eckert (1933), which linked various IBM punch-card accounting machines to permit generalized and complex computation; Bush's electrical analog computer (1935), more general than his differential analyzer with punched-tape programming; an elec- tronic analog computer (1938) devised at the Foxboro Company; a working prototype of an electronic calculator (1939), under develop- ment by John Atanasoff at Iowa State University; and the Bell Lab- oratories Model I (1939), built by George Stibitz,…

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The concepts of information processing, program- ming, decision, and control and the intellectual stimulation of the re- lationships among them seemed ''in the air'' among European and American engineers, mathematicians, and philosophers by the mid- 1930s.

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In 1934an engineering student in Berlin, Konrad Zuse, began to design a universal calculating device that anticipated modern computers in several ways, including binary rather than decimal numbers and float- ing decimal point calculation (the first such applications to a machine), the programming rules of Boolean logic (unknown to Zuse), and the distinctive structure of a concrete open processor of information:punched tape (discarded 35mm movie film) input, a central processing unit, memory, programming, an internal controller, and an output device to display results (the similar structure of Babbage's Analytical Engine was also unkno…

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Beginning work on a concrete machine in 1936, Zuse had a mechan- ical prototype in 1938, an electromechanical relay machine in 1939, and by December 1941 the world's first general-purpose, program-con- trolled calculator in regular operation. Soon two specialized versions that analyzed the wing flutter of Nazi flying bombs displaced a com- putational office of thirty women at the Henschel Aircraft Company in Berlin.

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Little more than a giant electromechanical decimal calculator, the Mark I could nevertheless take two 23-digit numbers from paper tape input and within three seconds output their product onto punched cards.

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Even before Aiken had received IBM's backing for his proposal, Claude Shannon, then an MIT graduate student employed part-time to tend Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, had published his mas- ter's thesis, "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits" (Shannon 1938), which applied the propositional calculus of Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica (1910-1913)to the design of elec- trical circuitry. Perhaps the most influential master's thesis ever writ- ten, in the words of Augarten (1984, pp. 100-101) it "not only helped transform circuit design from an art into a science, but its underlying

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message-that information can be treated like any other quantity and be subjected to the manipulation of a machine-had a profound effect on the first generation of computer pioneers." Shannon's paper also established that programming an electronic digital computer would be a problem not of arithmetic but of logic…

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Not as sophisticated as Zuse's relay machine, the Model I was per- manently wired to solve equations with complex numbers and could not be further programmed. It lacked a general-purpose central-proc- essing unit, a memory, and any clearly defined control unit. Because it input and output via teletype, however, it could be used from any- where in the telephone system. At the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hamp- shire, in September 1940, Stibitz installed a few teletypes to demon- strate the Model I in Manhattan-the first use of remote computing via telephone that would come to characterize the "telematic society" (~ora and Mine 1978) thirty years later. B…

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Pen

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Judging from this cumulative effort of the late 1930s,then, we might conclude that World War II interrupted work on generalized infor- mation-processing and computing technology as much as stimulated it.

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In either case, the idea that information-processing and computing hardware might be used to enhance bureaucratic control appears to have emerged only gradually during the transition phase of the Control Revolution.

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The turning point for the United States occurred in 1879 near the height of the crisis in control of the material economy, when General Francis Amasa Walker, then pro- fessor of political economy at Yale University, agreed to direct the 1880 census.

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Walker's encouragement of inv~mtionproduced two innovations in data-processing hardware: the Seaton tabulator and the Lanston add- ing machine.

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…the adding machine, developed by a lawyer friend of Seaton, Tolbert Lanston, who would patent a successful monotype machine for casting type in 1887. Lanston's adder allowed entry of numbers as they had been written-left to right-on the Seaton tab- ulator …

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In 1889, facing the prospect of a census that might be superseded by the next one before it could be completely tabulated, the Secretary of the Interior organized a committee of foremost statisticians to inves- tigate faster means of processing data. The committee decided to test three new systems: (1) hand transcription of data, using a different color ink for each characteristic, onto slips of paper that could be sorted by color and counted by hand; (2) transcription onto color-coded cards or "chips," also sorted and counted by hand; and (3) Herman Hollerith's method, which used a keyboard or "pantograph" punch to make holes in predetermined positions in standardized cards, counted individually by means of hand insertion into an electrical circuit-closing press, which had a pin contact for each possible hole location (Hollerith 1889).

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As his biographer, Geoffrey Austrian, con- cludes of Hollerith, "his schooling in the pervasive railroad technology of the day had a far greater influence on his development of tabulating machines than the more obvious example of other calculating and add- ing mechanisms" (1982; p. 36).

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Pen

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…the concrete open system for processing railroad cars and trains served Hollerith as the model for processing the in- formation-also as discrete material objects-that would soon serve in the control of such systems. This fact alone, quite apart from con- siderations of living systems more generally, suggests that information processing and communication cannot be understood independently of the matter, energy, and material processing systems that they control.

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Unlike the 1880count, the 1890census, even though it contained twenty more items (a total of 236), could be analyzed in every possible com- bination of variables, the most complicated tables produced at no more expense than the simplest ones. Boorstin (1973, p. 172) summarizes the impact of Hollerith's system: "Now it was as easy to tabulate the number of married carpenters 40 to 45 years of age as to tabulate the total number of persons 40 to 45 years of age."

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As we have already seen in the major beneficiaries of the Library Bureau's "systematizing'' and the Soviet Union's Gosplan, the first applications of the new information-processing technologies came in financial institutions, public utilities, railroads, and large manufac- turing operations. Life insurance companies ranked among the first companies to see profit in data processing: New York Life, which by the turn of the century had contracted to have its data punched onto Hollerith cards (Austrian 1982, p. 134), adopted about 1903the nation's first numerical insurance rating system, with values assigned to var- ious factors affecting the insurability of applicants. Telephone com- panies and other utilities shared a common data-processing problem: the continual recording and billing of large numbers of small amounts.

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Material cul- ture has also been crucial throughout human history, and yet capital did not begin to displace land as an economic base until the Industrial Revolution. To what comparable technological and economic "revolu- tion" might we attribute the similar displacement of the industrial capi- tal base by information and information-processinggoods and services, or the overshadowing of the Industrial by the Information Society? The answer, as we have seen, is the Control Revolution, a complex

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of rapid changes in the technological and economic arrangements by which information is collected, stored, processed, and communicated and through which formal or programmed decisions can effect societal control. From its origins in the last decades of the nineteenth century the Control Revolution has continued unabated to this day and in fact has accelerated recently with the development of microprocessing tech- nologies. In terms of the magnitude and pervasiveness of its impact upon society, intellectual and cultural no less than material, the Con- trol Revolution appears to be as important to the history of this century as the Industrial Revolution was to the last. Just as the Industrial Revolution marked an historical discontinuity in the ability to harness energy, the Control Revolution marks a similarly dramatic leap in our ability to exploit information.

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Once energy consumption, processing and transportation speeds, and the information requirements for control are seen to be interre- lated, the Industrial Revolution takes on new meaning. By far its greatest impact from this perspective was to speed up society's entire material processing system, thereby precipitating a crisis of control, a period in which innovations in information-processing and commu- nication technologies lagged behind those of energy and its application to manufacturing and transportation.

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As we have seen, what began as a crisis of safety on the railroads in the early 1840s hit distribution in the 1850s, production in the late 1860s, and marketing and the control of con- sumption in the early 1880s. As the crisis of control spread through the material economy, it inspired a continuing stream of innovations in control technology. These innovations, effected by transporters, producers, distributors, and marketers alike, reached something of a climax by the 1880s. With the rapid increase in bureaucratic control and a spate of innovations in industrial organization, telecommunications, and the mass _media,the technological and economic response to the crisis-the Control Rev- olution-had begun to remake societies throughout the world by the beginning of this c…

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Despite such rapid changes in mass media and telecommunications technologies, the Control Revolution also represented a restoration- although with increasing centralization-of the· economic and political control lost at more local levels during the Industrial Revolution. Be- fore this time, control of government and markets had depended on personal relationships and face-to-face interactions; by the 1890s, as we saw in Part III, control began to be reestablished by means of bureaucratic organization, the new infrastructures of transportation and telecommunications, and system-wide communication via the new mass media.

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Perhaps most pervasive of all rationalization is the increasing tendency to regulate interpersonal relationships in terms of a formal set of impersonal, quantifiable, and objective criteria, changes that greatly facilitate control by both government and business. The com- plex social systems that arose with the growth of capitalism and im- proved transportation and communication would have overwhelmed any information-processing system that operated on a case-by-case basis or by the particularistic considerations of family and kin that characterized preindustrial societies.

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The Information Society has not resulted from recent changes, as we have seen, but rather from increases in the speed of material processing and of flows through the material economy that began more than a century ago. Similarly, microprocessing and computing technology, contrary to currently fashionable opinion, do not represent a new force only recently unleashed on an unprepared society but merely the most recent installment in the continuing development of the Control Rev- olution. This explains why so many of the components of computer control have been anticipated, both by visionaries like Charles Babbage and by practical innovators like Daniel McCallum, since the first signs of a control crisis in the early nineteenth century.

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Early computing devices

2025-10-09T14:29:32Z

Wtrettien: /* early mechanical calculating machines */

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/subjects/computers-business-machines

== early mechanical calculating machines ==

17th century:
* Wilhelm Schickard (1623)
* Blaise Pascal (1642)
* Rene Grillet (1670s)
* Leibniz (1674)

19th century
* Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, ARithmometer (1820)
** commercial success in Europe starting in 1850s/60s
* Frank Baldwin, Baldwin Machine / T Odhner, Odhner Machine -- variable tooth calculators (1875)
* Brunsviga calculator (1885)
* Dorr E Felt, Comptometer (1887) -- key driven
* direct multiplcation calculator (Loen Bollee)
* Trinks Arithmotype printing calculator

context of Babbage's difference engine (never really realized) and George Scheutz's printing difference engine (which worked)
* https://repository.si.edu/items/d3bd18bb-9a77-4ca1-82c9-54db5f6e6d42

== Stanhope Demonstrator ==

== Harvard Mark 1 ==

https://history-computer.com/the-history-of-harvard-mark-1/

At Harvard: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/07/harvards-mark-1-finds-its-new-home/

Early computing devices

2025-10-09T14:23:24Z

Wtrettien:

https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/subjects/computers-business-machines

== early mechanical calculating machines ==

17th century:
* Wilhelm Schickard (1623)
* Blaise Pascal (1642)
* Rene Grillet (1670s)
* Leibniz (1674)

19th century
* Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar, ARithmometer (1820)
** commercial success in Europe starting in 1850s/60s
* Frank Baldwin, Baldwin Machine / T Odhner, Odhner Machine -- variable tooth calculators (1875)
* Brunsviga calculator (1885)
* Dorr E Felt, Comptometer (1887) -- key driven
* direct multiplcation calculator (Loen Bollee)
* Trinks Arithmotype printing calculator

== Stanhope Demonstrator ==

== Harvard Mark 1 ==

https://history-computer.com/the-history-of-harvard-mark-1/

At Harvard: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/07/harvards-mark-1-finds-its-new-home/

Kahan 2000

2025-09-02T20:01:29Z

Wtrettien:

Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.

""typesetting by hand as the major bottleneck in newspaper production" (1)

Church's keyboard

"Church, and many others, tried to emulate the hand compositor using movable type, but at least two operators were required to make those early machines effective - one to set text continuously and another to justify it. An operator who broke off setting to justify lines took more than twice as long as two people working together. Most of these inventions were not successful commercially and it was reported that the cellars at The Times, which tried to encourage new inventions, were blocked with discarded machines. The bottleneck in the composing room became so critical that in 1869 the New York World, then owned by Manton Marble, proposed that publishers subscribe to a prize fund of $500,000 for a machine that would speed up composition and reduce costs by at least 25 per cent. No records have been found to confirm either that the money was raised or that any prize was awarded." (2)

"Clephane's machines were based on the idea of making impressions; his concept of machine composition did not call for the distribution of type, because typewriters produce print immediately from an inexhaustible, but limited, master alphabet. Further, every machine was designed to be operated by just one person." (14)

"is only fair to point out that printers would have found the quality of this process far from satisfactory, but engineers and shorthand reporters who wanted a quick turn round of legible text, regardless of style, may have found it acceptable in the short term." (15)

"After he left Clephane's project Mergenthaler became obsessed with the problem of inventing a successful typesetting system." (17)

Miss J. Julia Camp — fastest operator; “in the biography, Morgenthaler referred particularly to the operating skills of Miss J Julia camp who always obtained better results than other operators.” (21)

"Over 80 years before the second band machine, Herhan obtained French patent No 285 for composing lines of matrices but his idea, which was not developed commercially, was to make a stereotype directly from a page of character matrices assembled by hand. The novelty of Mergenthaler's invention was in the mechanism by which an operator assembled and justified lines of matrices from which lines of type were cast and which were automatically restored for the matrices to be used to set the next line." (21)

"October 1884, the Printers' Register reported, without naming the source: 'An American contemporary says a new type-setting and manufacturing machine is attracting much attention in Washington.' It mentioned that $50,000 had been spent so far, that Mr Rounds, the Government printer, had declared (possibly referring to Miss J. Julia Camp) that 'a girl with sense enough to run a type-writer can set up as much as ten men now can, and make her own type as she goes along, too,' and that it cast lines of type 'at the stroke of a finger.' These details could apply to the demonstration at the Bank Lane workshop." (23)

"Mergenthaler was a steady precise workman who tended to be cautious rather than rash but was sometimes reckless and intemperate. He claimed that having no printing background had been an asset because he was not bound by preconceived notions." (24)

First Linotype output is printed in the New York Tribune, “the only perceptible difference in appearance, being that the lines of the type were finer and sharper” (36) — December 1885

"

“By this time the Remington typewriter had been on the market for over ten years and many typists were familiar with the QWERTY keyboard. Reid wrote to Mergenthaler on 29 December 1885, that Clephane had said that recent improvements would allow him to use the typewriter keyboard on the machine.
If using the typewriter keyboard involved no mechanical difficulties and would not delay matters it would be a great advantage over the current keyboard. It would give them the benefit at the outset of a large body of operators who could be called upon in case of need. Mergenthaler replied by return of post that Clephane was mistaken. The improvements to the keyboard related to speed and reliability, and it was not convenient to apply the typewriter keyboard to the machine.” (37)

July 1886, first machine in New York Tribune and used to set a large book called The Tribune Book of Open Air Sports (40)

First article and illustration — Scientific American, 9 March 1889, nearly 3 years after Linotype came to Tribune (41)

Linotype used after the paper was put to bed to se The Tribune Book of Open-0Air Sports; took an hour to change from news to book setting (41)

Tribune Book of Open Air Sports offered for sale to Tribune readers by subscription in November 1886

“Mergenthaler invited Thompson, Reid's machinist, to discuss the arrangement of the keyboard and the matrix question. The original layout of the Blower keyboard is not known, but diagrams submitted with early Mergenthaler patents suggest that it may have been alphabetical. About 50 years later Charles Letsch recalled that when operators complained that some of the most used keys were too far apart, Mergenthaler tore out a two column story from the New York Sun and asked him to count the frequency of each character. He used this data to modify the keyboard to the standard 'etaoin/shrdlu' layout that remained largely unaltered on all later models. This made it simpler to operate the machine and, by putting the most frequently used characters in the longest tubes to the left of the magazine, ensured that they were among the first to be distributed. Every Blower machine was restricted to one size of type which could only be changed by replacing all 107 matrix tubes; machines were identified by type size, such as minion or nonpareil, see 'type sizes' in glossary.” (45)

Need to find the right metal — soft enough to take a good mould and hard enough to cast from without melting (48)

Problem of inperceptible variations in typeface from punches (48)

Machines for syndicate use — only Providence Journal was outside the syndicate (59)

Many machines in rooms would be hot and noisy — note about Mergenthaler making disparaging comments about “lady typists” (71)

Mergenthaler Printing Company not widely known outside the trade; 40-page booklet of 1887, but no company publicity; only some rumors in trade journals — secrecy because of syndicate (73)

19 May 1889, New York Tribune article on composing room costs, claiming Linotype was saving the paper thousands of dollars a year (77)

1890, Rogers Typograph challenges Linotype; exhibited at Pulitzer’s newspaper in September 1890, which became the sales office of the Typograph Company (89)

“The obvious potential customers for the Typograph were newspapers that were not supplied with Linotypes because they were in the same town as a syndicate member. It was reported that the Typograph in America had a keyboard like a Remington typewriter, but the British keyboard was not in QWERTY form.” (90)

Typograph won 6-day trial of type composing machines run by American Newspaper Publishers Association in November 1891 (91)

Justification and spacers — major issue (and patent concern)

Hairlines, lack of italics and proper fonts setback Linotype (116)

25 October 1898, Mergenthaler writes in diary “that he had finished the sketches and written the description of a machine with 256 characters, 64 keys and 4 channels for casting single words (logotypes)” — casting single words then set in a line (125)

Friedenwald Company, first book printer in the world to install a Linotype — printed a shorter version of Mergenthaler autobiography to distribute to friend (135)

British industry “largely unaware of the Linotype before it was demonstrated in the United Kingdom in the early summer of 1889” (151)

Linotype demonstrated to William Gladstone at 52 New Broad Street on 26 June 1889 — Gladstone set up a slug with his name and made a short speech (154)

Sun paper in England attacked; “‘The Linotype is to be in the composing room what it was fondly hoped the Moldacott [a new sewing machine] would prove in the nursery — a combination of amusement for the young and gratification for their elders.’” (Quoted in 155)

Woodcut published in Railway Press, 21 June 1889, p 12

British launch of Linotype Company “failed because both printers and investors had misgiving.s Experts were intrigued by the mechanism but doubted its durability, criticized the printing surface, and objected to paying over twice the development costs for the manufacturing rights. … British printers found American type faces unacceptable and the American concept of rental without the option to purchase was alien to British marketing practices.” (165)

First reactions to Linotype in Britain were mixed (169)

Southward, didn’t like it at first; 3 October 1890 addressed the Balloon Society of Great Britain and called it a type-composing machine of the past; praised Thorne typesetting machine (170)

British Printer, may-tune 1890 — image of Thorne composing machine with Edison phonograph attached

First “improved” Linotype imported to UK and erected at The Economic Printing and Publishing Company, demonstrated at general meeting on 27 February 1891 (175) — moved to Printers’ Exhibition at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, on 16 March 1891

First Linotype installed in Britain was at the Leeds Mercury in 1890 in most accounts “although it may have been the first English newspaper to use the machine” — but the actual first British installation was used to set Lawrence’s railway magazines, at Stilson Hutchins’s offices, 27 Southampton Buildings; setting these journals in 1889 (175-6)

“From 1878, when Clephane first suggested making a stereotypic mould by impressing characters into paper machine, every model was designed to produce lines of type. Before the introduction of direct casting it took at least two processes to produce a printing surface. The main advantage of the hot metal machine was that the line of type was produced by a single operator. This made it superior to all contemporary machines that set movable type.” (177)

Keystrokes set to pins to stop the band where required (178)

Not possible to set characters that were not on the band in first machine, and each band carried a full alphabet (179)

Individual matrix Blower Linotype — keyboard designed to put the most used matrices to the left of the magazine; 107 typewriter-like keys on the four row keyboard; keyboard completely manual (179-80)

“The original keyboard layout is unknown, but diagrams from early patent suggest that was probably alphabetical. Mergenthaler refused to adopt the typewriter ‘QWERTY’ arrangement because it would have been ineffective. When users complained that the keyboard layout was inconvenient he devised the ‘etaoin/shrdlu’ arrangement which put the most used letters in the leftmost tubes and therefor distributed them first. In 1889, the Scientific American stated that there were alternate keys for the most used letters and several compound characters (ligatures) on the keyboard.” (180)

cams turning round a vertical axis — “After journalists described this mechanism as the brain of the Linotype, some people actually believed that the machine could think.” (180)

Square Base Linotype — keyboard completely changed; ‘etaoin/shrdlu’ sequence retained by keyboard arranged in 6 rows of 15 keys grouped in 3 equal blocks of 30 characters — lower case on the left, numerals, special characters and punctuation in the middle, capitals on the right — and keyboard was power driven (not manual like before) (183)

Simplex Linotype — definitive model; came to be known as Model 1; sequence of operations similar to square Base

General lack of flexibility in machines; best for narrow newspaper setting (186)

Later added things like two-line letter printing for drop letters

Linotype “put constraints on type face design because the machine could not emulate all the features of manuscript” (190) — no vertical overlap — Linotype Company dismissed the problem by announcing the death of the very in September 1898

Before UK advertisements of Linotype, little known about the machine in the US (193)

William Blades thought it only fit for newspaper work (194)

Southward eventually changed his mind

Around 1901, Model 1 cost ~10x as much as a workman’s cottage (198)

Lowered demand for compositors, higher demand for other types of workers

Lintoype had big impact on typefoundser, putting some out of business and reducing income of others (200)

Impact on papers: “The Linotype encouraged existing newspapers to expand and provided the means to introduce new ones, particular in London’s Fleet Street which produced national rather than regional newspaper.” — enabled Alfred Harmsworth to launch the London Daily Mail in 1896 (201)

Mergenthaler’s method “involved the logical application of binary arithmetic, although he probably did not realize the mathematical significance. Each matrix carried a unique combination of up to seven teeth that identified its letter. If the presence of a tooth is denoted by 1 and the absence of a tooth by 0 it can be shown that there are 127 possible arrangements with at least 1 tooth. The number 127 was reserved for extraneous sorts because a matrix with af all set of teeth could not fall until it reached the end of the distribution bar which had no retaining teeth.” (206)

Kahan 2000

2025-08-28T21:22:12Z

Wtrettien:

Kahan 2000

2025-08-28T20:08:34Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000."

Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.

Main Page

2025-08-28T20:08:14Z

Wtrettien: /* 19th Century Media & Technology */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

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=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

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=== [[John Bagford]] ===

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=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

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== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kahan 2000|Kahan, Basil. ''Ottmar Mergenthaler: The Man and His Machine.'' Oak Knoll Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Thoburn 2016|Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book: On the Art and Politics of Radical Publishing.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2016.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Thoburn 2016

2025-08-28T00:01:49Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book'' (2016) Exploiting this function, Amazon Noir comprised a software script that would obtain a book’s entire text via repeated searches, substituting the last words of one search for the first words of the next. x Amazon Noir served to articulate the inequity of the privatization of the nonscarce resource of digital text, while taking advantage of the means by which the technological affordances of digital text are mobilized to excite..."

Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book'' (2016)

Exploiting this function, Amazon Noir comprised a software script that would obtain a book’s entire text via repeated searches, substituting the last words of one search for the first words of the next.

x

Amazon Noir served to articulate the inequity of the privatization of the nonscarce resource of digital text, while taking advantage of the means by which the technological affordances of digital text are mobilized to excite consumer desire.

x

What is a communism of writing and publishing that is concerned not only with the content and meaning of text but also with

x

the media forms and social relations by which text is produced, circulated, and consumed? More simply, what is a communism of textual matter?

xi

…if we do want to bring content and form together in a textual politics that is a weave of the two, as is the aim of the experimental works explored in Anti-Book, such a politics needs to be attentive to two aspects of this relation. First, it must reflexively attend to aspects of a work’s material conditions that it is not able to critically refashion, where content comes into relation with media form as critical opposition. Second, in instances when content and form come into a generative and political relation of codetermination, we should attend to the specificities of a text’s media forms, the ways that its conceptual registers and political aims are extended, interrogated, swallowed up, or exceeded in the specific sociomaterial relations and forms by which it is manifest in the world.

xiii
1. One Manifesto Less: Material Text and the Anti- Book

Anti-Book, rather, is a critique of the book that is immanent to its medium or to the forms of textual media more broadly conceived.

1

An anti-book is a work of writing and publishing that critically inter- rogates its media form. That is to say, it is a self-reflexive textual work. But reflexivity here is not confined to the domain of text and literary form. Anti-books test, problematize, and push to the limits their full materiality, or significant aspects thereof, where the materiality of a book comprises the dynamic interplay of textual content and media form, a critical and generative relation operative at scales both concrete and abstract.

1

Anti-books articulate the encounter between communist thought and experimental practices of writing and publishing, where these encounters are not contained within social move- ments but emerge—albeit in a fragmentary and occasional fashion—across the terrain of textual media, a terrain where the commodity form plays a role no less commanding than it does for the audi…

2

As to the sociohistorical context of the concept, the anti-book might be said to have troubled textual media since the invention of the Gutenberg let- terpress and the generalization of print, but it comes to the fore and takes on particular qualities in the digital media environment, as anxiety about the “future of the book” and the proliferation of communication platforms impress on collective consciousness the material specificities of text.

2

If there is a shared ground to these different disciplines and perspec- tives, it is that any written work is a product of the interplay between textual content (the words, concepts, rhetorical structures, literary forms, etc., that are read in the work) and medium (the affordances, qualities, and constraints of its physical materialization and structure as artifact, technology, and social and institutional form).

5

The anti-book is not a distinct body of practices and works but the experimental condition of communist publishing, where communist publishing is not a circumscribed field of social movement media but designates a potential—a potential charged with conflict and politics, certainly—of all textual production.

13

…self- differing medium, I would like to provide an illustration with Kostelanetz’s irregular serial publication Assembling (1970–87), which he founded with Henry James Korn as something of a hybrid of magazine and book (they use both terms to describe it).

13

…a commitment to publish all and any submis- sions the editors received, following each issue’s invitation to writers and artists to submit, ready for publication, “otherwise unpublishable” works on paper (for the first issue: up to four sheets of 8.5" × 11" in multiples of one thousand for an edition of the same number, one of which was Ed Ruscha’s “Chocolate,” a thousand sheets of paper marked with a smudge of that confection). 42In this way the contributors were compelled to take on many of the practical and design functions previously the preserve of the publisher, so becoming their own self-publishers as they learned the reproduction methods most conducive to their work.

14

With these characteristics in mind, we might understand Assembling as a work that held together simultaneously the processes of assembly and disassembly. Contributions were pulled into each bound issue, while the concentrating functions of editorial, publishing infrastructure, and copy- right were pushed out or distributed to contributors and the unity of form and content was found in the magazine’s very disunity,…

14

If I seek to fashion an anti orientation and sensibility from the domain of the bookwork, it is to draw out and develop the bookwork of communism—though I make this point with the strong proviso that the conjunction contains an impulse toward nonidentity.

16

… communism and bookwork does not designate a specific body of works, nor a depoliticized aestheticization of communist publishing, but interference between the two domains toward an expanded understanding of the materiality of communist textual expression.

16

…the anti breaks with this mode of political writing that has for so long, and all too easily, been adopted by leftists that it is as if it is the natural form for self-consciously political writing to take. What, then, is this textual form, and what is wrong with it? In its revolutionary or avant-garde mode, the manifesto is a purloined textual form, appropriated from the institutions of state and church where it served as a means to disseminate injunctions backed by force. As with its form in such institutions, the revolutionary manifesto articulates authority, and yet this authority is of a peculiar kind, for it is wholly fabricated, having no basis in existent institutional power.

26

The modern manifesto works by constructing a political subject through the diagnosis and presentation of the subject’s historical emer- gence and future actualization. In turn, in a performative loop, this pro- jected future flourishing of the subject lends authority to the text in the present where the subject is lacking. The manifesto works, in other words, in the future perfect; its claim to authority in the present will have been sanctioned by the actualization of its subject in the future. It is a perfor- mance for which a certain theatricality—the staging of the authority that it lacks—is at once necessary and necessarily ever excised.

27

…this describes communication as command, the reduction of expression to the linear exchange of unambiguous signals, whereby the signifying field is flooded with clichés and order-words, a “psychomechanics” of automatic response. 120But it also entails a popular compulsion to communicate: “Repressive forces don’t stop people express- ing themselves, but rather force them to express themselves.” 121A dozen years before the rise to dominance of the compulsive communication of social media, this is an impressionistic yet prescient observation. Draw- ing on it, Hardt and Negri argue that the diffusion of social media and its integration with socioeconomic life have created a dominant subjective form of the “mediatized,” a fragmented and distracted capitalist subjec- tivity absorbed in a perpetual present of communication, participation, feedback, and attention.

36

In the ever additive pursuit of links, likes, comments, followers, friends, shares, page views, and so on, the act and quantitative volume of communication come to displace what is communicated, a kind of general equivalence of indiscriminate communication…

37

The book’s very slowness, she argues, enacts the cut in circuits of compulsive communication that enables thought to emerge, a structure of intervention that she intriguingly associates with the “slow- down,” from the classical repertoire of workplace struggle: “As an object whose form installs delays in sampling and syndication and whose content demands postponed gratification, the book mobilizes the gap of mediacy so as to stimulate thought.”

39

…is the medium of the book today really so slow? The intermediation of textual media and the broader communicative patterns of contemporary capitalism are such that books cannot be understood as actually so separate from the compulsions and anxieties of the social media field, the “temporal take-over of theory [which] displaces sustained critical thought, replacing it with the sense that there isn’t time for thinking.”137 Insofar as books, particularly those by writers with high social media pro- files, are reviewed and promoted in social media and marketed through the promotional algorithms of Amazon, Facebook, and the like, the book demands to be understood less as a cut from communicative capitalism than as a particularly effective vehicle for extending it, multiplying con- nectivity, feeding communicative compulsions, and exhausting readers (and authors too, no doubt) in equal measu…

40

…the printed book was the first uniform and repeatable mass industrial commodity—not comprising measured quantities of indeterminate volumes, as Benedict Anderson clarifies the point with regard to other early industrial com- modities such as textiles or sugar, but a volume in its own right, a distinct and self-contai…

42

…e mechanical press enabled a transformation in the organization of labor as work tasks took on the quality of the assembly line, subdivided according to roles and parts in the production chain, and subject to the dictates of productivity that the conjunction of mechanism and time enforced…

42

…it was the copperplate engraving of the printing trade (and not, say, the textile mill) to which Charles Babbage turned to illustrate the logic of modern industrial production (in his theories of mechanical process and the division of labor that informed M…

43

Main Page

2025-08-28T00:01:00Z

Wtrettien: /* Book History */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Thoburn 2016|Thoburn, Nicholas. ''Anti-Book: On the Art and Politics of Radical Publishing.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2016.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

McIlwain 2020

2025-08-27T23:59:17Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020. Black America dragged Jim Crow to its deathbed in the 1960s. Still, the nation’s elite science and engineering institutions—the ones that were developing the first digital computers—locked black Americans out of their ranks. Back in 1964, this moved scholars from talking merely about technologi- cal systems and relation..."

McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.

Black America dragged Jim Crow to its deathbed in the 1960s. Still, the nation’s elite science and engineering institutions—the ones that were developing the first digital computers—locked black Americans out of their ranks.

Back in 1964, this moved scholars from talking merely about technologi- cal systems and relationships between people and machines to talking about information societies. 13This was not an insignificant concept. Societies have citizens. Societies have politics. But at the same time the folks at the lab began to think about information societies, they failed to think about what kind of society they were building. Who was included and who was deliber- ately excluded from that society? They failed to think about, much less grasp, the consequence of building a new technological society in which Negroes were educationally and technologically both separate and unequal. During that 1963–1964 academic year, MIT’s faculty wrote and spoke a lot about “the Negro,” and the complex urban areas where they lived. They built and studied new machines that facilitated new connections to people, and public and private institutions. But they never connected the two. No one asked how developing computer networking systems might impact so- called urban problems. Would it exacerbate them? Could the computer help solve them?

MIT decided that spring of 1964 that a single-digit number of Negroes was as many as the institute could handle. The folks at MIT, and those like them, were building a new information society. They, like officials at most elite science and engineering institutions at the time, made the de facto decision to exclude Negroes from designing, building, or deciding what computing systems would be built. This would have devastating consequences.

MIT’s actions impacted a generation of Negroes who would never have a chance to take the reins of the new computer revolution.

IBM had devel- oped the first such test in the industry, what it called its “Programmer Aptitude Test.” More than anything else, the test itself, and its widespread use, reinforced the idea that computer programmers were born not made. Blacks who failed to pass the test were seen as unteachable.

IBM’s outreach to black and minority communities appeared to respond to the federal government’s new equal opportunity demands. However, IBM’s heavy-handed description of the jobs it offered made it clear that it had merely substituted its aptitude tests with job descriptions it knew would weed out a large proportion of potential black applicants.

IBM extended its reach into black communities. But it, and companies like it in the expanding computing industry, publicized these positions at a time when the college and university science and engineering pipeline pro- duced very few Negro graduates. Yes, IBM needed scientists, designers, engi- neers, mathematicians, and physicists. But the reality was that the nation’s top scientific and engineering minds, pipelined through its elite science and engineering universities, had already flooded IBM’s scientific ranks.

A new kind of black software began to take shape in the early 1980s. It started with a handshake. A connection. Not between two computers, but between a computer and the black community. Derrick had made that connection when he realized that he could and should use his engineering knowledge and com- puter application prowess to help other black brothers and sisters achieve their dreams. William would have to leave IBM before he could make that connec- tion. He would have to travel to, and settle in, a place steeped in bitter racial pol- itics and racial justice activism. William made his handshake. He found a way to use the skills that he developed at IBM to connect and uplift his community.

Students had come to MIT to be transformed into what the institute promised to make them: leaders, capable of, and charged with, fashioning better tools and machines to support and extend America’s political and eco- nomic standing in the world. They were building the technologies and machines that would soon begin to govern the nation. And they did it with little care or concern for black people, either within the greater Boston area or throughout the United States. This epic lack of concern would make it palatable, easier for MIT to lend its knowledge, its computing resources, its computational innovations, and its ties to industry and government—a gov- ernment that began to see black America as an enemy target for the coun- try’s new computing machines.

In the late 1970s, and in earnest by the 1980s, a torrent of black technophiles began making moves. They shifted the relationship that had made their parents and grandparents technology’s victims. And they propped themselves up to be more than just spectators in the coming computer revolution. They were the Vanguard. They were different people, with different prep- aration, pursuing different interests. They would discover one another soon enough but at that time they were each on their own journeys.

They did not know they were leading a revolution.

The early 1990s Internet had become a cafeteria, filled with the text-based musings and rantings produced by the generations of Usenet and BBS users from which the Internet evolved. It had become a place where you could find and sample expressions on just about everything you wanted. Porn. Politics. Suicide. Aliens. African Americans. Anarchists plotting world dom- ination. And from day one, this environment was hostile to black people.

The Universal Black Pages (UBP) became the first black-oriented Internet search directory. By typing in a word, people could find information on cul- tural events, businesses, organizations, and more. Black users created web- sites with black-oriented content at lightning pace. UBP became both a map and a transportation vehicle.

Back in 1994 at the CBCF conference, everyone raved about the informa- tion superhighway. Less than a decade later, its first on-ramps, interchanges, and meaningful exit points for black folks started to crack and crumble. And, the related, but larger question still loomed. This was the question that Congresswoman Waters prompted when she reminded them that the nation’s enduring legacy of slavery and white supremacy shaped everything about black life, from the drug war to the tech wars. The Vanguard had to grapple with the question, What would and should black America’s relation- ship to technology, to computers, to the Internet be as we approach the beginning of a new century?

For most of her life, Anita had been a secretary. But by the end of it she had become the architect of a movement still waiting to peak. Everybody had their own agenda, their own idea of what needed to happen, a plan for what would make all things right with the world. But it was Anita—some- one with so little ego or money invested—who sat back, looked out onto the whole Internet world, and realized one, single-most important truth: a twenty-first-century revolution had to start with a revolution of technology. Anita was the one who realized that black people needed to reposition ourselves not just to one another, to capital, or to the realities of white dom- inance. She realized that we must reposition ourselves to the technological tools that served to either support or resist white racial dominance. Anita realized that the revolution needed to be digitized and networked—not monetized—and that it must include citizens, government, educational institutions, and corporations.

Powell believed that America’s racial politics, not the computer, would dictate automation’s imperative and determine its impact.

…* Adam Clayton Powell Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King Jr., and Bayard Rustin openly lamented what they thought automation would bring to black America. They also warned about the dangers of “cybernation.” But for each of them, automation and cybernation occupied one side of a single coi…

Cybernation” referred to the mechanized production of goods, aided by a computer. It included the automated processing of data. Cybernation referred to the systemic and regulatory communication and control rela- tionship between human beings and computers. A “cybernated” system— again, simply put—included a production process governed by a computer. The machine can process production data. It could “learn” from that data (i.e., memorize, interpret, and analyze). It could use what it “learned” to reg- ulate a continuous production process with minimal human intervention.

IBM had begun to solidify its brand as the company that could identify and find computational, automated solu- tions to the world’s most challenging problems. Taming the natural environ- ment or taming the political problems spurred by a backward race? IBM made no distinction.

The Kerner Report detailed the tragic outcome that white racism wrought on black America. It also showed the nation a way forward. But the nation brushed it aside. The greater tragedy, however, was that Washington, and the emerging computing research and development establishment, tipped their hand. They would increasingly harness the computers’ hardware and soft- ware capabilities to further oppress, rather than liberate, the Negro.

Simulmatics had been wildly successful, even though its results were ulti- mately buried alongside the commission’s report. Using Simulmatics for this work, however, legitimized and normalized the principles on which it was based: the idea that the computer could model, and therefore manipulate, human systems and behavior. It once was theory. It soon became policy. Black people would continue to remain its subject for experimentation. Computing power would be used on them.

From one perspective, Wilkins’s computer was race neutral, merely per- forming the task it was designed to do. From another vantage point, com- puters were doing work traditionally done by Negroes. As far as Wilkins was concerned, both led to the unemployment line. The predicament, Wilkins acknowledged, was both personal and struc- tural. In one breath, Wilkins would admonish the next generation to get an education. He warned that if they did not, computers may be tossing most of the race to the slag heap by 1990.

In any case, the story made Wilkins fearful about how the computer would be used. He knew that white America associated black people with crime. He was afraid that that association, and data that confirmed it, would be fed into, ingested in, and processed by a powerful new computer sys- tem—one that stored, connected, and distributed large amounts of deci- sion-driving data that could negatively impact black people’s lives.

What was the computer to black people? Black people, by and large, did not have access to the tech- nology being used to profile, target, and forecast their tendency toward

criminality. Black people were not hired as technicians to process the data input in the machine. Black people certainly did not design the systems. Black people were not at the table to contribute to conversations about how to deploy the outputs. Black people were not represented among the indus- try consultants who showcased the computer’s capabilities, developed its use cases, or had the technical skills to know how to build in necessary con- straints. Black people were scarce in the ranks of students at higher-education institutions that provided the pipeline to government agencies and industries that were so invested in this work.

What was the computer to black people throughout the 1960s and early 1970s? They certainly never saw themselves pictured in an IBM advertise- ment utilizing one of the new machines for all kinds of business purposes. To black people by and large the computer was an alien technology destined to go to work on them the way all prior US technologies had—to grind them into submission and exert racial power over their entire existence.

And what were black people to the 1960s and 1970s computer system? ALERT II and the rise of criminal justice information systems more broadly began the long-standing process of turning black people—people with bod- ies and experiences, hopes and interests, aspirations and legitimate griev- ances against their government—into abstract data. Computers process and manipulate data. Whether they anticipated it or not (and all evidence points to not), once law enforcement officials invested in computing as a law enforcement, problem-solving tool, they also invested in the value of data as an enterprise. The “data” produced the model, and the model became the territory. Crime became something committed by people with whom one has no relationship—certainly not one rooted in mutuality, common expe- rience, common goods or interests, shared responsibility, or, in many cases, even basic humanity.

Main Page

2025-08-27T23:50:44Z

Wtrettien: /* Software Studies */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[McIlwain 2020|McIlwain, Charlton D. ''Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, from the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.'' Oxford University Press, 2020.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Poovey 2008

2025-08-27T23:37:25Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008. …it was not until Literature was declared to be a different kind of imaginative writing that a secular model of value completely at odds with the market model was articulated. When this occurred, Literary writing gave up its claim to be valuable in the old sense, precisely by insisting that it was more valuable in a..."

Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.

…it was not until Literature was declared to be a different kind of imaginative writing that a secular model of value completely at odds with the market model was articulated. When this occurred, Literary writing gave up its claim to be valuable in the old sense, precisely by insisting that it was more valuable in another, more novel sense.

As we will see in chapters 4 and 5, economic writers as a group were able to achieve a greater degree of what a modern sociologist would call professional organization than imagi- native writers were.

Economic and Literary genres did not undergo naturalization in exactly this way, for neither set of genres has completely lost its visibility as writing. The former, as explanations or accounts of the credit economy, came to seem most credible when its writing appeared to be transparent—that is, when texts seemed simply to describe or refer to economic and ﬁnancial matters rather than calling attention to themselves as writing or books. The latter, by contrast, increasingly succeeded precisely to the degree to which its writing was not transparent and, sometimes, primarily because of its material embodiment in a beautiful or rare book.

Instead of making their status as writing disappear, as in the case of monetary genres, naturalization has erased the historical relationship between these two sets of genres; it has effaced the common function that once linked them and the historical pro- cess by which they were differentiated and ranked.

What economic writing and Literary writing share, both historically and theoretically, is an engagement with the prob- lematic of representation. This phrase—the problematic of representation—will be familiar to Literary critics, for it has become one way scholars describe the gap that separates the sign from its referent or ground (of value or mean- ing), whether the gap takes the form of deferral, substitution, approxima- tion, or obscurity. Unlike most Literary critics, however, I do not present the problematic of representation as a property of all systems of representation.

Instead, I argue that representation becomes problematic—it presents prob- lems that are both social and epistemological—only at certain times and under conditions that are historically and socially speciﬁc. A system of representation is experienced as problematic only when it ceases to work— that is, when something in the social context calls attention to the deferral or obfuscation of its authenticating ground.

When the problematic of representation becomes visible—as it did in the episodes just described—this can have grave implications for a soci- ety’s economic and political stability, for it can jeopardize the prevailing model of value, the conventions that facilitate trust, and the signs that con- vey creditworthiness—monetary, social, legal, and political. The kinds of writing that eventually became economic and ﬁnancial writing, on the one hand, and imaginative—then Literary—writing, on the other, were intimately involved in managing these troubling effects.

…the monetary counterpart to what became the distinction between fact and ﬁction was the distinction between valid and invalid monetary instruments; and, even though this distinction has never been established in such a way as to permit effective enforcement, as a conceptual and practical necessity it preceded and helped model the dichotomy that was gradually created in the other two types of writing, that between fact and ﬁction…

…as the bulk of this book chronicles, economic and Liter- ary writers began to distinguish their work increasingly from each other’s writing, rather than to belabor the founding distinction between valid and invalid, which remained crucial for monetary instruments. In the course of the late eighteenth century and the nineteenth, economic and Literary writers developed what we might call a primary relationship to each other, through which each group of writers increasingly deﬁned the uniqueness of its own products by differentiating these from the products produced by the other set of writers.

News sheets that listed the market prices of commodities originated in Antwerp and Venice in the sixteenth century; by 1608, they were being printed in London, and, by 1716, a London merchant would have been able to subscribe to as many as seven weekly or semiweekly news sheets, at a cost of about £6 a year. From these news sheets, the merchant would have been able to obtain information about ships, cargoes, prices, and exchange rates across the trading world.

Beginning in earnest in the 1780s, writers began to use newspapers as a forum to discuss commer- cial subjects, such as whether Britain should export wool. By the end of the century, the reading public was accustomed to reading about ﬁnancial and commercial topics in its local papers—a fact, it has been suggested, that contributed to the emergence of political economy (or economic theory) in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Sparked by a dramatic increase in the number of publicly traded stocks in the early years of the nineteenth century, newspaper editors began to make writing about ﬁnance a regular part of their papers. Unlike the numerical tables and lists of market information that appeared in eighteenth- century newspapers, however, the new City columns treated the ﬁnancial world as a distinct culture, which writers strove to make interesting even to readers who did not need to know about international exchange rates or economic theory.

Financial journalism, then, con- stitutes a mid-nineteenth-century example of an economic genre that bor- rowed liberally from imaginative writing, which had become a recognizable set of genres by 1850. While they were not the only writers who tried to explain manias and panics, ﬁnancial journalists help us see how the disci- plinary divide whose development I trace in this book could be crossed by writers who knew that their readers consumed numerous kinds of writing that offered different views of a single event.

A second important generic innovation of the last part of the nineteenth century presented economic theory in a highly technical, often mathemat- ical format that was speciﬁcally intended for expert—usually professional— political economists.

This is why nearly every nineteenth-century handbook on banking includes one or more chapters devoted to helping the banker distinguish good bills from bad—a practice of interpretation that writers referred to as learning to “read” the bills.

Scriveners (also called brokers or notaries) concentrated on one of the few areas in which handwritten documents continued to be important after the advent of print: conveyancing, which involved both drawing up and regis- tering the title deeds to land and money bonds.

The second group of early ﬁnanciers, the goldsmiths, also accepted de- posits—of plate and other valuables as well as gold and silver coins—and they also issued receipts for the goods they held.

The two ancestors of private banking—the scriveners and the goldsmiths— were, thus, associated with a number of written documents, some of which were or became monetary instruments: conveyancing records; receipts for deposit; international and inland bills of exchange; and checks (or “cheques”), which both groups issued to borrowers for limited use against deposits.

As we will see in chapter 1, the Exchequer initially used tally sticks to record incoming loans, and it supplemented this recording system with paper notes in the 1690s.

Even more than bills of exchange, which were always drawn to order, the Bank’s early notes were intended to be general or all-purpose notes—that is, to circulate without a named acceptor or endorser.

The general nature of the Bank’s notes also made them vulnerable to forgery and fraud. To reduce the possibility of counterfeit, the Bank began to introduce the material and stylistic in- novations that (ideally) made Bank notes both interchangeable with other notes of the same denomination and distinct from rival (counterfeit) notes.

The ﬁrst innovation intended to foil counterfeiting and make the Bank’s notes pass as cash was material: within two weeks of the ﬁrst issue of its new notes, Bank ofﬁcials began to require that notes be issued on marbled, indented paper rather than easily obtainable plain paper. This

innovation was soon followed by a second material change: the adoption of paper watermarked with a looped border and inscribed with a scroll on the left side and a panel containing the words Bank of England at the bot- tom. This paper was produced and supplied by Rice Watkins. Soon, a third innovation was mandated: the use of partially printed, instead of hand- written, notes graced with a medallion of the seated Britannia holding a spear and an olive branch.

This meant that a majority of eighteenth-century Britons, especially those who lived outside London, did not see a single Bank of England note during their lifetimes.

…the campaign to naturalize Bank of England notes—to render them identical to each other, so familiar and trustworthy that recipients would not hesitate to accept them, and both sufﬁciently numerous and user-friendly that they could be taken for granted—was still under way in the middle of the nineteenth century. Indeed, this campaign did not begin in earnest until the ﬁrst decade of that century, for, during the eighteenth century, the Bank was content to circulate its notes alongside other kinds of paper money, issued by a variety of individuals and compa- nies for local use. Much of this paper was informal, taking the form of paper tokens issued by shopkeepers or employers.

Even after the passage of the 1844 Bank Act, however, the campaign to naturalize the Bank’s notes still had to be waged, for the Bank Act did not lay to rest all the questions about the currency. Nor was it yet technically possible to make Bank notes identical—that is, to make one ten-pound note indistinguishable from every other ten-pound note. Even though the Bank’s Printing Department had been working on a new note design since 1842, the wear that continued use inﬂicted on the Bank’s plate transfer press meant that two notes of the same denomination could still look quite different. It was not until the 1855 issue, which deployed a new printing technology, that identical notes could be produced.

Main Page

2025-08-27T23:35:17Z

Wtrettien: /* History of Computing / Information */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

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=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

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== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Main Page

2025-08-27T23:35:06Z

Wtrettien: /* History of Computing / Information */

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== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Poovey 2008|Poovey, Mary. ''Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century Britain.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Hacking 1990

2025-08-27T23:33:39Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990. During the nineteenth century it became possible to see that the world might be regular and yet not subject to universal laws of nature. A space was cleared for chance. Page 14 Something else was pervasive and every- body came to know about it: the enumeration of people and their habits. Society became statistical. Page 14 A new type of law came into being, analogous to the laws of nature, bu..."

Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.

During the nineteenth century it became possible to see that the world might be regular and yet not subject to universal laws of nature. A space was cleared for chance.

Page 14

Something else was pervasive and every- body came to know about it: the enumeration of people and their habits. Society became statistical.

Page 14

A new type of law came into being, analogous to the laws of nature, but pertaining to people. These new laws were expressed in terms of probability. They carried with them the conno- tations of normalcy and of deviations from the norm.

Page 14

1 By the end of the century chance had attained the respectability of a Victorian valet, ready to be the loyal servant of the natural, biological and social sciences.

Page 15

Such social and personal laws were to be a matter of probabilities, of chances. Statistical in nature, these laws were nonetheless inexorable; they could even be self-regulating. People are normal if they conform to the central tendency of such laws, while those at the extremes are pathological.

Page 15

Few of us fancy being pathological, so 'most of us' try to make ourselves normal, which in turn affects what is normal. Atoms have no such inclinations. The human sciences display a feedback effect not to be found in physics.

Page 15

The transformations that I shall describe are closely connected with an event so all-embracing that we seldom pause to notice it: an avalanche of printed numbers. The nation-states classified, counted and tabulated their subjects anew.

Page 15

Behind it lay new

Page 15

3 technologies for classifying and enumerating, and new bureaucracies with the authority and continuity to deploy the technology.

Page 16

Determinism was subverted by laws of chance. To believe there were such laws one needed law-like statistical regularities in large populations. How else could a civilization hooked on universal causality get the idea of some alternative kind of law of nature or social behaviour? Games of chance furnished initial illustrations of chance processes, as did birth and mortality data. Those became an object of mathematical scrutiny in the seventeenth century. Without them we would not have anything much like our modern idea of probability.

Page 16

Statistical laws that look like brute, irreducible facts were first found in human affairs, but they could be noticed only after social phenomena had been enumerated, tabulated and made public. That role was well served by the avalanche of printed numbers at the start of the nineteenth century.

Page 16

Statistical laws were found in social data in the West, where libertarian, individualistic and atomistic conceptions of the person and the state were rampant. This did not happen in the East, where collectivist and holistic attitudes were more prevalent. Thus the transformations that I describe are to be understood only within a larger context of what an individual is, and of what a society lS.

Page 17

This obsession with the chances of danger, and with treatments for changing the odds, descends directly from the forgotten annals of nineteenth century information and control.

Page 18

Only around 1840 did the practice of measurement become fully established. In due course measuring became the only experimental thing to do.

Page 18

The avalanche of numbers, the erosion of determinism, and the invention of normalcy are embedded in the grander topics of the Industrial Revolution.

Page 18

Despite various discernible precursors and anticipa- tions, our idea of probability came into being only around 1660, and the great spurt of statistical thinking did not occur until the nineteenth century.

Page 19

Most professionals now believe that representative sampling gives more accurate information about a population than an exhaustive census. This was unthinkable during most of the nineteenth century. 7The very thought of being representative has had to come into being.

Page 19

A noncommittal account of what I am attempting might be: an epistemological study of the social and behavioural sciences, with consequences for the concept of causality in the natural sciences.

Page 20

Transformations in concepts and in styles of reasoning are the product of countless trickles rather than the intervention of single individuals.

Page 21

Peirce positively asserted that the world is irreducibly chancy. The apparently universal laws that are the glory of the natural sciences are a by-product of the workings of chance.

Page 24

This is not to say that the erosion of determinism had nothing to do with life. It had everything to do with life: living people. Not living people regarded as vital organic unities, but rather regarded as social atoms subject to social laws. These laws turn out to be statistical in character.

Page 28

They could be seen as statistical only when there were, literally, statistics. There could be statistics only when people wanted to count themselves and had the means to do so.

Page 28

First I shall take up the counting that existed during the lifespan of Hume and Kant. It was largely of two kinds: secret and official, or public but amateur.

Page 28

England was the homeland of insurance for shipping and trade. It originated many other sorts of provisions guarding against contingencies of life or illness, yet its numerical data were a free enterprise hodge-podge of genius and bumbledom.

Page 29

Graunt and the English began the public use of statistics. Peoples of the Italian peninsula and elsewhere had promulgated the modern notion of the state. But it was German thinkers and statesmen who brought to full consciousness the idea that the nation-state is essentially characterized by its statistics, and therefore demands a statistical office in order to define itself and its power.

Page 31

He formulated this idea of a central statistical office about 1685, a few years after William Petty had made the same recommendation for England. 4Leibniz saw a central office as serving the different branches of administration: military, civil, mining, fo…

Page 31

In 1719 an abortive enumeration of the entire state was attempted. Various systems of reporting were experi- mented with, and an initial summary of results was issued on 3 March 1723. By 1730 people were officially sorted into the following nine cate- gories: landlords, goodwives, male and female children; then household members classified as journeymen, farmhands, servants, youths and maids.

Page 32

What might the numbers reveal to enemies? A decree of 2 January 1733 forbade publication of the population list. It became a state secret.

Page 33

If there is a contrast in point of official statistics between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it is that the former feared to reveal while the latter loved to publish.

Page 33

Most designations of minority groups were local and haphazard, the exception being Jews. They show up in the tables in 1745, and, at that time, not as a religious group. Soon there was to be a completely separate and regular enumeration of all Jewish households. Complete tables, known as the General-]udentabellen or Provinzial-]udenfamilie-Listen, became a routine part of Prussian numbers in J769.

Page 36

A great landowner and a public man, caught up in the vibrant movement for agricultural reform in Scotland, he had been convinced in Europe that facts and numbers were the handmaiden of progress. Nothing was known of his country: he would change that. 1799 saw the completion of the 21-volume Statistical Account of Scotland that he had started directly after the European tour, 1788.

Page 40

The British kept people separate from stuff. Vital statistics in the south were prepared by the Registrar-General for England and Wales, an office established in 1837. Stuff was managed by the Board of Trade, an old institution with a chequered lineage.

Page 41

We do not here want a history of institutions like the Board of Agri- culture in London or the Royal Statistical Bureau in Berlin. We need notice only that new kinds of authorities were created, with new kinds of mandate. The transition was commonly effected by coopting the talents of the amateurs.

Page 42

One characteristic feature of the new kind of bureau was little affected by its administrative home. It published and published and published, combining the eighteenth-century enthusiasm for making numbers public with the power of orderly government.

Page 45

I shall lay great stress on the very first published civic statistics of a 'modern' sort, those begun by Paris and the Department of the Seine in the 1820s.

Page 46

Prussia, as the most powerful and as one of the first in the statistical field, established the technology that was to be used, although other German states such as Baden and Wiirttemberg were by no means inactive. Other nations and groups of nations followed other paths. Yet each, in its own way, created similar institutions to create its own public numbers.

Page 47

The institutions brought a new kind of man into being, the man whose essence was plotted by a thousand numbers:

Page 47

Published tabulations freeze the assembled numerical facts of a nation in cold print. The tables exhibit regularities from year to year. Can that new kind of thing, a statistical law of human nature, be far behind? Yes and no. It depends where you are.

Page 48

Statistical law needed two things. One was the avalanche of printed

Page 48

numbers that occurred throughout Europe. Without the post-war bur- eaucracies there would have been no tabulations in which to detect law-like regularity. But there also had to be readers of the right kind, honed to find laws of society akin to those laws of nature established by Newton.

Page 49

Why, if you are a conservative, who regards law as a social product, are you disinclined to think that statistical laws can be read into the printed tables of numerical data, or obtained from summaries of facts about individuals? Because laws are not the sort of thing to be inferred from individuals, already there and counted. Laws of society, if such there be, are facts about the culture, not distillations of individual behaviour.

Page 50

Why, if you are a liberal who regards law (in the political sphere) as a product of the will of individuals, are you content to find statistical laws in facts about crime and conviction published by the ministry of justice? Because social laws are constituted by the acts of individuals.

Page 50

This model indicates where many nineteenth-century incoherencies arise. To begin with, if, as many today will tell you, probabilistic law applies to populations, ensembles, or Kollectivs, ought not the collectivist, holistic attitude be the one that invites the notion of statistical law? Conversely, if the liberal thinks that statistical laws are laws of society, akin to laws of nature, then what freedom is left to the individuals en masse? This question of statistical fatalism reared its confusing head in mid-century.

Page 50

The moral sciences aimed at studying people and their social relation- ships. But how? Not by anticipating empirical psychology or survey- samplc sociology. Condorcet's moral science meant chiefly two things, and thereby hangs a tale not yet unravelled even today. He mapped out what have become two distinct terrains. One is moral-science-as-history, the other, moral-science-as-(probability, statistics, decision theory, cost- benefit analysis, rational choice theory, applied economics, and the like).

Page 52

By 1670 it was evident to the enlightened leaders of the brief Dutch Republic that mortality data should be used to guide rates for selling life annuities - the standard way of raising capital for the state. The idea did not really take off, for reasons well elaborated by Lorraine Daston, but it was a viable idea of actuarial data as applied science.

Page 53

Even though mortality statistics were of little practical importance until the nineteenth century, they were conceptually significant. They gave rise to the idea of a law of mortality, and to the very phrase 'law of mortality'.

Page 53

Laws of birth and mortality abounded. Lambert serves me only as an example. Because death curves were not seen as a matter of maurs, or customs, they gave little foothold for moral science or social mathematics.

Page 54

But they did furnish data for the solution of problems in social mathema- tics: ideally, for example, the correct rates at which a government should sell life annuities when a given rate of interest is prevalent.

Page 54

Only after 1829, when there were printed tabu- lations of French jury decisions, could Poisson form the idea of proba- bilistic laws of voting behaviour. It was the printed numbers that turned Condorcet's a priori studies into Poisson's empirical ones.

Page 55

He appears to have been a sensible administrator who asked what we now think of as the right theoretical questions. For example, his paper on the mathematical statistics of the population was the first attempt, in France, to obtain systematic breakdowns of the laws of mortality not just according to age but also by sex, marital status, and, tentatively, location and even occupation. 24Such a question entailed new echelons of clerks, enumerators, calculators, printers that would in time create the avalanche of numbers. Duvillard was also a prophet.

Page 58

When the wars were at an end, the city of Paris set the model for publication of social data, and the avalanche of printed public numbers was under way. But without Condorcet's enlightenment vision of law, of moral science, and of the sweet despotism of reason, those number-collecting offices might merely have manufactured tables in the Prussian style. French numeration and social mathematics were instead sired by Newtonian ambitions of laws of society.

Page 59

Fraud, drink and agitation were not the main difficulties. The problem was actuarial. No one had any idea of what premiums to charge. Moreover, except when insurance companies got into the act, the English clubs were small and local.

Page 61

There were experts. The most famous , Richard Price, had died in 1791, but he had left the Northampton tables, which provided a law of mortality based on the eighteenth-century records of the city of Northampton.* They became the British standard for a century, enacted into laws regarding premiums for life insurance and life annuities.

Page 62

Price's tables may have been unjust but they made a deep impression upon the English mind. We now think that work done in Sweden was much better. 7The Select Committee asked nearly all its expert witnesses about what it called the 'Swedish tables', but the experts knew little.

Page 62

Britain, like many other states, raised much capital by selling life annuities. There had been a gigantic annuity sale in 1808. In 1816 the national debt was £900 million. After the Napoleonic wars Britain conducted its affairs by deficit financing. By the standard of all other states its debt was grotesque. Finlaison's job was to ensure that the annuity side of the debt was serviced, given that millions upon millions of pounds had been purchased at disastrous bargain basement rates.

Page 62

The British became convinced that there are regular laws of sickness akin to those for mortality.

Page 65

He was a Duvillard de Durand whose time had come. His system of reporting and analysis of the incidence of birth, life and death became the model for the world. He was also the first functionary to install and deploy a computer on his premises, for the purpose of calculating and printing out annuity rates and the like.

Page 66

Pen

Page 66

Numerical regularities about disease, unknown in 1820, were common- place by 1840. They were called laws, laws of the human body and its ailments. Similar statistical laws were gaining a hold over the human soul. The analogy was close, for laws of behaviour aimed at sick souls.

Page 68

So many more things were being made and had to measure up, in 1826, that a need for vastly more comprehensive systems of standards was felt.

Page 70

Quite aside from an absence of thoughts about 'fundamental' constants, there was no category of physical constants or constants of nature until the 1820s. Babbage's letter to Brewster of 1832 was important not because it was influential (although Babbage was at his apogee in those years) but because it was representative.

Page 70

Babbage was not the first to want to compile lists of constants. His indefatigable contemporary, Johann Christian Poggendorf, editor of Annalen der Physik und Chimie (and later creator of the definitive nineteenth-century biographical and bibliographical science reference work) had just published tables of what Babbage calls 'the constant quantities belonging to our (solar] system'…

Page 70

8 Babbage's exercise, he suggested, would be useful when ordering type fonts. The letter frequencies had more to do with Babbage's ingenious but bizarre interests in cryptography.

Page 72

The letter on constants of nature and of art is thus a more personal document than at first appears. Nevertheless this odd letter epitomizes the moment, 1832. The British Association printed Babbage's letter as a separate pamphlet. The first of the great Quetelet-organized statistical congresses republished it in 1853, as did the Smithsonian Institution in 1856. Joseph Henry, in his secretarial report to the Smithsonian as late as 1873, referred to Babbage's letter as the model for tables of specific gravities, boiling points and melting points. 13Babbage's odder items were passed by. He remained a symbol of a new way to think about nature and our works: numerically.

Page 73

The first half of the nineteenth century generated a world becoming numerical and measured in every corner of its being. In our own 'information age' quirky Charles Babbage has become posthumously famous for elaborating the general principles of the digital computer. Instead I single him out as the self-conscious spokesman for what was happening in his times.

Page 74

Near the end of his essay on measurement, Kuhn emphasizes his 'paper's most persistent thesis: 'The road from scientific law to scientific measurement can rarely be traveled in the reverse direction. To discover quantitative regularity one must normally know what regularity one is seeking and one's instruments must be designed accordingly.'

Page 75

What then are laws? Any equations with some constant numbers in them. They are positivist regularities, the intended harvest of science. Collect more numbers, and more regularities will appear. Now it is time to see how the empty silos of human beha\•iour began to overflow with laws of human nature.

Page 76

I call the Anglo-French squabbling about suicide the beginning of numerical sociology because (a) there were numbers and (b) the numbers of suicide were seen as a moral indicator of the quality of life. The issue was immediately joined.

Page 77

The practice of recording weekly mortality and causes of death originated in London, and was made famous in Graunt's 1662 Observa- tions on the Bills of Mortality. They had become the model for Europe, but had declined at home. Burrows lamented 'the annual barbarously ignorant Bill of Mortality of London'. Graunt's days were long gone. 'Too many are content with viewing effects only and search no further. From such cause, perhaps, the value of statistical enquiries has been under-rated.'

Page 79

Physicians had regarded disease as imbalance in the whole body, but by 1800 disease was primarily to be located in an injured, defective or irritated tissue or organ.

Page 82

…not only did people discover statistical laws about suicide, crime, divorce, prostitution and other bad behaviour, but also they thought there was an explanation of the nature of statistical law that made it safe for determinism. This was a curious marriage of astronomical, mathematical and medical lore…

Page 84

By 1830 innumerable regularities about crime and suicide seemed visible to the naked eye. There were 'invariable' laws about their relative frequency by month, by method, by sex, by region, by nation. No one would have imagined such statistical stabilities had it not been for an avalanche of printed and public tables.

Page 86

The model was set by the annual Recherches statistiques sur la ville de Paris et le departement de la Seine.

Page 86

Guerry's 1832 essay on the 'moral statistics' of France. Like many other French books that I shall mention, it won the Prix Montyon, at that time awarded annually for work of a statistical nature. It is a superb object of noble dimensions with fine maps indicating the geographical distribution of crime. The hygienic movement gave us our present conception of graphical representation, the ancestor of today's computer- ized spreadsheets.

Page 89

Guerry knew the importance of mechanizing this work and designed a calculator for handling his data. It is

Page 89

…xperimental basis of the philosophy of legislation 77 fitting that he called it an ordom1ateur statistique. The present French name for the computer, the ordinateur, was reinvented in response to a request by IBM France to replace the franglais computeur.9

Page 90

Guerry called his work comparative statistics. That statistics should be comparative is part of their original mandate to measure the power and wealth of the state, as compared with other states.

Page 90

One obituary notice related that the numerals in the cards on which Guerry kept his notes would, if written down in a line, stretch for 1,160 metres.

Page 93

Numbers were a fetish, numbers for their own sake. What could be done with them? They were supposed to be a guide to legislation. There was the nascent idea of statistical law, but hardly any statistical inference.

Page 94

Here is a way in which the new stausucs seemed to matter. In 1785 Condorcet applied probability theory to judicial questions. In 1815 Laplace made some powerful a priori deductions about conviction rates. Once judicial statistics were available, his protege Poisson used statistical inferences to overturn his conclusions. There is then a simple three-stage story of probability arithmetic and the French jury.

Page 100

Witnesses, assemblies and juries have played a significant role in the development of probability ideas. We tend to forget why they mattered. They were part of the notion so well surveyed by Daston, that there could be a 'reasonable calculus'.

Page 101

I claimed in The Emergence of Probability that our idea of probability is a Janus-faced mid-seventeenth- century mutation in the Renaissance idea of signs. It came into being with a frequency aspect and a degree-of-belief aspect.

Page 109

The avalanche of printed enumerations of social conditions began in the 1820s with the Recherches statistiques of Paris and the Seine directed by Joseph Fourier.

Page 110

The powerhouse of the statistical movement was Adolphe Quetelet, the greatest regularity salesman of the nineteenth century. As soon as Parisian judicial statistics were published he noticed 'the terrifying exactitude with which crimes reproduce themselves'.2 The number of criminals is con- stant; the relative proportions of different sorts of crime remains the same.

Page 118

Quetelet changed the game. He applied the same curve to biological and social phenomena where the mean is not a real quantity at all, or rather: he transformed the mean into a real quantity.

Page 120

It was Quetelet's less-noticed next step, of 1844, that counted far more than the average man. He transformed the theory of measuring unknown physical quantities, with a definite probable error, into the theory of measuring ideal or abstract properties of a population. Because these could be subjected to the same formal techniques they became real quantities. This is a crucial step in the taming of chance. It began to turn statistical laws that were merely descriptive of large-scale regularities into laws of nature and society that dealt in underlying truths and causes.

Page 121

Quetelet had precious few examples of Gaussian distributions. 'Male height is still almost unknown even in the most civilized countries of Europe.' 15 And why should one collect such information? It is interesting only if one believes, with Quetelet, that it signifies some underlying real characteristic of a population.

Page 122

The law of error had chiefly mattered to astronomers. Quetelet exported it to the human sciences, wrapping it in an obscure metaphysics of minute underlying causes.

Page 126

A determi- nistic world view was threatened on many fronts by the phenomena suggested by the new statistics, and there was no coherent way to understand the burgeoning phenomena. The talk about underlying causes was only one element in the papering over of conceptual cracks.

Page 127

Statistical information leads to the discovery of statistical laws. We who collect the information change the boundary conditions and thereby change the laws of society.

Page 128

Instead of engendering political self-doubt, the connections

Page 128

between information, control and statistical law created a metaphysical quandary, which was called statistical fatalism.

Page 129

One thing is clear. Had there not been that avalanche of numbers in 182(}....40, and the accompanying conception of statistical law, we would have no such problem.

Page 131

We obtain data about a governed class whose deportment is offensive, and then attempt to alter what we guess are relevant conditions of that class in order to change the laws of statistics that the class obeys. This is the essence of the style of government that in the United States is called 'liberal'.

Page 132

It was statistical fatalism. Accord- ing to that doctrine, if a statistical law applied to a group of people, then the freedom of individuals in that group was constrained.

Page 134

In the West the spirit of positivism made out that all laws were mere regularities. A belief in causes over and above regularities was an illegitimate residue of the meta- physical age.

Page 141

The years 1826-9 exemplify a shift in that era of enthusiasm from mere counting to increasingly minute classifications of the people counted. Balzac was familiar with this. His father had been fascinated with the Malthusian debate, and made statistical reformers such as Benoiston de Chateauneuf known to his son, who in turn put them into the 1829 Physiology.

Page 147

Le Play did not systematically publish his results until 1855, when he put 36 families on view (he had many more in storage). He called the whole method one of writing monographies. These studies are different in kind from any statistical work that I have hitherto described. Yet they were numerical. How? The core of each monograph was a household budget, be it that of a Basque fisherman or of a master bleacher in the Clichy suburb of Paris. Every item of a year's income in cash and kind was faithfully recorded. Likewise each sort of annual expense was tabulated, not just rent and food, but candles and cabbages.

Page 148

The monographs were divided into three, with the household budgets as the core. The first part was a thorough account of the location and practices of the family in its site (history, rank, religion, health habits, clothing, dwelling, recreation, together with the state of manufacture and agriculture in the region). The third part contained social and moral reflections on the immediate causes of the condition of the family as reported. In the middle was the monographie proper, namely the descrip- tion of the family summed up in its domestic budget.

Page 152

An era of optimism about the possible uses of statistics ended in 1848, prompting many kinds of backlash.

Page 155

One was political. The statisticians were typically advocates of liberal utilitarian reform. People who had no truck with their philosophy, or with its pretensions to resolving current social issues, held them in contempt slightly mingled with fear.

Page 155

People and the world became not less governed but more controlled, for a new kind of law came into play. That is why I speak of chance being tamed.

Page 160

Pen

Page 162

Think of Paul Eluard, king of Dada, composing and publishing poems that consist simply of words, first written on slips of paper, and then drawn from a hat. We've really escaped necessity here, publishing purely random words! Yet in exactly the same decade L.J.C. Tippett first collected and finally published tables of random sampling numbers under the auspices of Karl Pearson's journal, Biometrika. 22These were systematically random numbers, taken from the digits of dates of births and deaths in parish registers. These cradle and tombstone digits of pure chance were intended to increase the efficacy of data analysis, to bring order into chaos, to derive firm bounds for any error that might be produced by chance fluctuations. Dada and Biometrika: two sides, we might say, of the same coin.

Page 162

As a word, 'determinism' came into use in the 1780s, and assumed its present most common meaning in the 1850s. As a word, 'normal' is much older, but it acquired its present most common meaning only in the 1820s.

Page 173

When was the last great debate involving human nature? 1829.

Page 174

The industrializing world demanded standardization. We recall Babbage and the constants of nature and art, as enumerated in chapter 7. He hardly distinguished standards of art that are imposed by engineers from con- stants and norms that are to be recorded from nature.

Page 178

Comte thus expressed and to some extent invented a fundamental tension in the idea of the normal - the normal as existing average, and the normal as figure of perfection to which we may progress. This is an even richer source of hidden power than the fact/value ambiguity that had always been present in the idea of the normal. The tension makes itself felt in different ways. If we think ahead to sociology and to statistics, in the modern comprehension of those terms - that is, if we think ahead to the work encrusted around names such as Durkheim and Galton - we feel the tension acutely.

Page 181

Words have profound memories that oil our shrill and squeaky rhetoric. The normal stands indifferently for what is typical, the unenthusiastic objective average, but it also stands for what has been, good health, and for what shall be, our chosen destiny. That is why the benign and sterile-sounding word 'normal' has become one of the most powerful ideological tools of the twentieth century.

Page 182

17So just at the time of the antisemitic agitation, there were fewer data about the Jewish population. Thus it became increasingly easy to invent 'statistical axioms' about the mass-immigration of Jews.

Page 208

Peirce is the strongest possible indicator that certain things which could not be expressed at the end of the eighteenth century were said at the end of the nineteenth.

Page 214

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== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

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=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

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=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

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== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Hacking 1990|Hacking, Ian. ''The Taming of Chance.'' Cambridge University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011

2025-08-20T23:19:06Z

Wtrettien:

Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.

== Interface: History of a Concept, 1868-1888, by Peter Schaefer, 163-75 ==

"Nineteenth-century physicists worked to better understand problems such as the dissipation of energy and the relationship between conduction and signal velocity. In this context, interface was a useful signifier for describing the transfer of energy that could also be used to describe the transmission of information." (163)

by 1880s appears in journals of telegraph industry

used by James and William Thomas (latter is Lord Kelvin)

James Clerk Maxwell, Maxwell's Demon suggesting the second law of thermodynamics was open to chance -- Maxwell's Demon is an "interface" between hot and cold gasses

"The use of interface by William Thomson in the Baltimore lectures reflects the search for an ever-present, explanatory substance that existed in between two portions of matter or space. Interface worked as a way of describing connections that made possible the transmission of energy, a subject of particular interest on the part of Thomson." (169)

"an interface is a site of separation and continuity. In this regard, interface can be seen not just as a product of a mid-20th-century revolution in computer technology but rather as an exemplar of the idea of communication in history. The concept of interface was used to describe efforts to bridge gaps, to bring together, and to keep from falling apart." (173)

Bryan-Wilson 2017

2025-08-20T19:15:08Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Bryan-Wilson, Julia. Fray: Art + Textile Politics. University of Chicago Press, 2017. == Introduction == What does it mean to imagine the sewing needle as a dangerous tool and to envision female collective textile making as a process that might upend conventions, threaten state structures, or wreak political havoc? An article on the Republican Party national field director Maxene Fernstrom from 1981 recounts that “she turns heads when she bursts into a room wearing..."

Bryan-Wilson, Julia. Fray: Art + Textile Politics. University of Chicago Press, 2017.

== Introduction ==

What does it mean to imagine the sewing needle as a dangerous tool and to envision female collective textile making as a process that might upend conventions, threaten state structures, or wreak political havoc?

An article on the Republican Party national field director Maxene Fernstrom from 1981 recounts that “she turns heads when she bursts into a room wearing a mink coat over a sweatshirt that says, ‘Ladies’ Sewing Circle and Terrorist Society.’ ” 7With its evo…

The T-shirt itself embodies a tension within textiles: they occupy a central place in traditionalist histories while they also erupt as potential sites of resistance to that very traditionalism, claimed by compet- ing factions at once as hegemonic and counterhegemonic.

Throughout, I use fray in several senses: the material wearing out of textiles, the undoing of threads, the pulling apart of fibers through strain and repeated use. Edges— or borders—are more prone to fraying, as they are subject to more friction.

While it is said that one should “rise above the fray,” this book choses to dwell in its sometimes un- comfortable place of forceful confrontation, for I take as my central subject fractious disputes about what and how textiles mean, where they should live institutionally, and where they belong politically.

In Fray I discuss select instances in which textiles from the 1970s to the 1990s—in art as well as nonart contexts—have been marshaled for their spe- cially tensile properties, that is, their capacity to be pulled, stressed, and withstand tension, sometimes to their breaking point.

Rather than adopt a binary scheme in which amateurism is defined, oppositionally, against professionalism, I understand these as ever-mobile terms in a broader, flex- ible matrix that admits a range of individual and collective production by all kinds of self-proclaimed textile makers. This book structurally asserts how, in the case of textiles, fine art and amateur practices are mutually cocon- stitutive, constantly informing each other and viewed radically differently depending on context.

Amateur textile craft in the main falls outside the scope of contemporary art, which is increasingly comfortable with assessing the exceptionalism of self-trained or “outsider artists” such as Judith Scott (evermore folded into the apparatus of auction houses and art magazines) but is less able to critically account for the tremendous amount of making generated by those termed, in a telling phrase that equates amateurism with nonremunerative

leisure time, “Sunday makers.” In recent decades, textiles have provided a unique challenge to these divisions as more self-trained crafters are absorbed into the art market; the traveling exhibits and coffee table books featuring the African American quil…

With the phrase textile politics I mean not only to suggest how textiles have been used to advance political agendas but also to indicate a procedure of making politics material: textile as a transitive verb.

I claim that to textile politics is to give texture to politics, to refuse easy binaries, to ac- knowledge complications: textured as in uneven, but also, as I will show, as in tangibly worked and retaining some of the grain of that labor, whether smooth or snagged.

Truth might have so carefully deployed knitting because it could be seen several ways, as a nonthreaten- ing demonstration of her aptitude for domestic work, a reassuring sign of her femininity, and as an assertion of her strident activism and creative self- production.

Given that textile handicraft has played a significant role both in the consolidation of national identities, especially in moments of turmoil or upheaval, and in agitational actions and anti-authoritarian protest cultures, it can be difficult to reconcile frequently diametrically opposed uses or incompatible interpretations. Fray, with its focused case studies, attempts to give specific texture to particular moments that have been too often generalized.

…ch as Alois Riegl have looked to textiles for, among other things, theories of pattern and style, within the arena of contemporary art history, I must emphasize, it was the activism of feminists that brought textiles more prominently into the conversation.

Textiles have been central to—indeed have a tendency to dominate— conversations about handmaking; yet the term textiles is not equivalent to craft, or vice versa.

Fray deliberately focuses on this frequent elision by examin- ing the fertile territory where textiles overlap with handicraft, though I do not treat them as completely coterminous. Within contemporary art history, craft has occupied a very specific place, as it is often defined in relation to utility and crafted objects are understood to have functions or use values. This is one of the distinctions that, arguably, separates it from “art.” Within the twentieth century, art has constantly tested and refined itself against a series of ostensible opposites, such as “work,” “life,” or “craft”; the history of recent art is in part the narration of what happens when those divisions collapse or bleed into each other…

…es stained by “bad taste.” While it is necessary to interrogate the studio craft-versus-art divide, it is also imperative to dismantle the false binary between highly trained skilled professional craft and amateur efforts from across the twentieth century.

The pervasive idea that craft might be utilized for strategic or polemical purposes (whether as a vehicle for the Right or for the Left) has been shad- owed by an even more prevalent story within the twentieth century regarding textile techniques such as sewing, knitting, or quilting, which is that they are fundamentally trivial. In fact, “hobbyist” methods of textile handmaking have long been castigated as inconsequential, particularly because they have traditionally been gendered female.

As this demonstrates, the “buy handmade” pledge overlooked one signifi- cant fact: mass-manufactured goods (especially those with textile elements) are also often in large part made by hand.

Rather, I think about the instability of textiles’ relationality, which in some instances might be felt to be queer—that is, how they propose different sorts of bodily orientations and create volatile inter- faces between public and private selves.

…nomy.” 80Many of these transformations took hold first within the sphere of textiles; indeed, from the Industrial Revolution until today, textile making has been the bleeding edge of manufacturing, modeling new modes of fac- tory efficiency and production.

And neoliberal hallmarks such as entrepreneurial- ism and self-branding are especially pronounced in the case of much textile production.

For Marx and Engels, textile manufacturing was a precipitating event in the history of capitalism; since their time, crafts like knitting and sewing have been posited as a resolution to the crisis of commodity manufactur- ing and the crisis of alienated labor. Handmade textiles have been heralded as materials that could resist the mass standardization of everyday life by visibly and affectively reinscribing the intimate and personal procedures of their making.

These legions of hobby quilters, sewers, and weavers are in some measure responsible for the current academic and art-world interest in textiles, but despite their keen eyes, enthusiastic blogs, and museum admission dollars, their actual work is often considered too mundane, uninteresting, generic— that is to say, too amateur—to itself cross the threshold of institutional vis- ibility.

But it also bears repeating that cloth has the ability to traverse the line between public and private as it travels with us on our bodies as we shift from the domestic realm to the street.

Textiles as dense and multivalent sites of inscription help define our rela- tionship to interiors and exteriors; they shape how we move through space, and they alert others to our sense of self and signal our attempts to collec- tively belong. In many respects they map the coordinates of social status, in- cluding our allegiances and disidentifications with categories of gender, race, class, sex, age, ethnicity, subcultural stylistic affiliation, and much more.

== Chapter 1 ==

Throughout the book, I aim to suggest that low–high divisions within textile handicraft are insufficient and faulty, as it frays these neat binaries. By juxtaposing two registers of making, I suggest that these spheres are cru- cially coconstitutive, feeding each other in a multitude of ways, as the per- petually intersecting realms of the amateur and the fine arts motor a greater visibility for textiles more generally. I do not mean to imply causality, or even mutual awareness, between my two case studies—rather, I hope to illuminate how different makers were working through questions of queerness through textiles at around the same time.

…queer drag and textile craft could be considered closely aligned, parallel practices—historically, non-gender- conforming folks like drag queens, drag kings, butch lesbians, and femmy fags (as well as transgen- dered folks who aim to pass “seamlessly,” to invoke a sewing metaphor) have had to make their own clothes, significantly tailor garments, and invent body-altering modifications like breast binders and packing cocks…

…—a kind of psychological puzzle to help her put herself back together.” 66In other words, crafting drag was not about dissembling (or falsity) but about assembling an earnest, if pro- visional, self by which she could engage in a conversation with herself.

In the 1970s, strict divisions between handmade and store-bought within the craft scene were dissolving.

This is one lesson of the queer textile handmade ae exists where grit and glitter meet, ostensibly right on the surface of things, yet also profound.

Few artists in 1973 were as dedicated as Hammond was to bringing art down while also bring- ing textile craft up.

Hammond’s insistence on fusing art and textile craft and her repositioning of painting at ground level are strident, not modest, gestures—assertively feminist and complexly queer. She contests the primacy of verticality by in- sisting on horizontality as active rather than…

The Floorpieces are polyvalent utterances, as all artworks are, and one thing they might propose is a coded “talking back” to a straight feminist aversion to emerging lesbian sensibilities. Lesbian handiwork explodes one persistent assumption about craft as rooted in the primarily straight, domestic sphere and made in relation to “men’s” work.

My queering is less a forensic hunt for hidden codes that might magically unlock the “real” meaning of the art, as if such things are ever totally know- able, stable, or unified, than an intentionally open-ended engagement with the work, with its potential to mean in many different registers through time as they are continually resignified for new audiences—queer and not. This does not involve the “unmasking” of hidden symbols but instead posits that some readings attach themselves, belatedly, to art in ways that their maker might not have foreseen.

== Chapter 2 ==

in Vicuña’s work, craft as a formerly discrete set of skilled practices has broadened from its traditional significations of handmade functionality to include raw materials in their incipient stages, not yet fully transformed into usable or aesthetic things…

In 1966 Cecilia Vicuña, originally from northern Chile and then not yet twen- ty years old, created one of her first art pieces, titled A Quipu That Remembers Nothing. I reproduce no object because none was created, and I describe no photograph because none was taken. The piece consisted of her act of think- ing about a quipu—the knotted-cord method of communication used by An- dean peoples beginning around 3000 bce.

The work exists as a feat of ideation and nothing else: an act of thinking, naming, and dating. In this sense it exists just as much in your own mind, as you read these words, as it did in Vicuña’s: it is as pure a work of conceptual art as one could conjure.

Vicuña’s art exists at the inter- section of word, thread, and gesture as she plunges into the fray of politics. Her practice not only speaks to traditional craft techniques but also opens into a metaphoric realm of signification regarding line, communication, and the body using ever-evolving forms and means.

…the quipu for Vicuña is a powerful visual manifestation of the ways that fiber-based creations hold and organize information, as well as a tactile, spa- tial way to transmit memory. Her title suggests that indigenous knowledge systems might be fragile threads that have been severed by colonial regimes and cannot easily remember their own histories…

Impermanence, dissolution, and change have been at the heart of her work since its inception; these are not quali- ties prized by the art market or museum, and her witchy, womanly slant has meant that her precarios have sometimes been dismissed as strange charms rather than serious sculptures. So while one of the art-historical and archival “problems of thread” is its delicacy, this preservation problem of thread lies alongside the theoretical problem it poses, by which I mean that her work of- fers a proposition about fiber that might have a variety of possible solutions and multiple matrices of engagement.

For her, Native textiles were not only part of writing and cosmology, as with the quipu, but also existed within larger networks of communication and adornment, conjoining social life, memory making, and signifying practices that might be legible within a locality and illegible outside of it.

Quipu in the Gutter, a street installation, returns to the form of the quipu, but rather than serve as a system of account- ing or information, strands of yarn unfurl down from the rough gray pave- ment into a murky puddle of water in the road— debased, fallen, abandoned, perhaps, but also embroidering and thereby enlivening public space with its vibrant red, pink, and orange strands…

Deliberately unfinished, or even, in the case of Quipu in the Gutter, drawing attention to procedures of unraveling and unweaving, they refuse to be fully transformed into polished commodities. They ignite thought about what is to come, asking what sorts of factories and what sorts of working conditions might be put to use in the service of their reanimation, suggesting the nascent, the about to happen, the almost, the gearing up.

There were thousands of arpilleras created during the dictatorship, and though far fewer are now made, their production continues. At the height of their export during the 1980s, it is estimated that between eight hundred and two thousand arpilleristas were at work sewing at the rate of about one com- pleted textile a week. It is an overwhelming archive.

…the style of appliqué found in the arpillera is not unique, as examples can be found in other Latin American countries like Colombia and Peru, but using this textile format to explicitly criticize a political regime was specifi- cally developed in the 1970s workshops in Santiago…

There are so many contested stories, so many wavering memories and disputed facts, so many partial names and missing dates, that in some crucial sense the only thing we know for sure about the arpilleras is what they look like. They do not belong only to the realms of artistic making and folk prac- tices. Though they may be handmade, as I argue throughout this book, textile handicraft is never just itself, for it always defines itself in opposition to some other category—the realm of industry, say, or work.

The arpilleras are in many respects structured by the frictions between mak- ing and selling, oscillating between cheerful decorative souvenir and grue- some testimonial.

== Chapter 3 ==

Texture thus invites two distinct temporal imaginings, as the viewer both considers the object’s origin (looking back to its process of conception and the whole sweep of its physical existence) and projects forward to a future moment of speculative touch, fondling, and interaction.

I move beyond questions of failure or success to consider how textile textures make evident contested notions of memorialization in uniquely material ways. I examine the Quilt to assert that it is not only a text, as the quote above states, but a textile and that one must take into account questions of cloth and craft to do justice to its complex visual field and to account for what have been seen not only as its insufficiencies but also as its plenitudes.

Far from an accepted iteration of activist craft that was indebted to female labor, the Quilt was viewed by some feminists as erasing previous efforts by women in order to eclipse—yet again—histories of female making. By con- trast, some women came to the Quilt because of its connection with women’s work.

But the very specificity of its materials, the object-heavy quality of the Quilt—the tangibility that makes it so personal—is more complicated than an embrace of its “vibrancy” can suggest. Crucially, the thingness of the Quilt—that is to say, its textured textile-ness as well as its glut of personal- ized items such as stuffed animals—has also weighed it down, tying it, in- exorably, to the realm of the regressive, the romanticized, and the ineffectual. Far from vibrant, its thingness, for some audiences, threatens to suture it to the past, an infantilizing or nostalgic backward-looking and fetishizing of personal detail, rather than enlivening other futures and envisioning new collectivities.

As I have suggested, it might be more useful to understand the Quilt not as a registry or encyclopedia of names that aims to be a complete record of the losses from AIDS, but rather as what Ann Cvetkovich has described as “an archive of feelings,” undergirded and made possible by an affectively rich set of community relations and shared histories, a repository of intimacies, love, trauma, loss, and tending…

Despite the public attention directed its way, in some vital respects the Quilt has barely been seen in its totality. It does not function as a memorial that, affixed to one constant site, serves to remind changing generations in perpetuity. Rather, it is always only a temporary textile gathering place, a substitute, ephemeral graveyard where people come to remember only every so often.

== Chapter 4 ==

Women’s work now registers both as the purview of the female homemaker in the private domestic sphere and also, pressingly, as a factory workforce, where racial, structural, and material oppressions are ever present. This shift means that some earlier feminist art uses of craft—as an institutional critique of gendered hierarchies of formalist quality in art, or as a recuperation of the decorative, for example—are less pertinent today than are considerations of the economics of textile production.

What was partly at stake in the reclamation of textiles in the early 2000s was a declaration of the contemporary relevance of craft—that is to say, its currency. 12Rather than seen as retrograde, outmoded throwbacks to a previ- ous era, the craftivist movement insisted on knitting, sewing, and crochet- ing as current, up to date, or even future-looking, with sophisticated digital interfaces for how-to websites and networked tools that link online hackers to textile makers across the globe.

… is intentionally nonsensical, to be sure, but perhaps craft time has a peculiar relationship with what has been theorized as queer time, for queer temporalities are also nonlinear, looping back be- tween past and present and veering into imagined futures.

…there are multiple meanings embedded within my question about “currency”: in one sense, textiles are in the now, contemporary, alive in the present moment. Yet textiles also carry a current—they can convey a charge, an almost electrical ability to act as a temporal conduit as they move us from

the past into realms of affective simultaneous coexistence. Textiles also func- tion as literal economic currency, that is, as money or other forms of capital to be exchanged.

…one facet of craft’s “currency” that speaks directly to contem- porary economic conditions, namely the ubiquity of outsourcing and mass fabrication, by discussing projects by female artists that engage with the histories and present conditions of textile manufacturing…

Artists who have provocatively explored multinational manufacturing and its effects on workers’ bodies and minds include Margarita Cabrera, who was born in Mexico and currently lives in El Paso, Texas.

Like Cabrera, Stephanie Syjuco has explored the unsettling triangu- lation of work, gender, and textiles, recruiting hobbyist makers online to stimulate discussions about issues like global outsourcing and its labor conventions.

In her Counterfeit Crochet Project (Critique of a Political Economy) (2006–8), Syjuco invited the contributions of hobby crafters to intervene in the branding and fabrication of desire.

…ne between the handmade and the mass-produced textile is Zoë Sheehan Saldaña, whose Shopdropping series entailed her purchasing garments from Walmart, meticulously duplicating them, and then returning them to the rack to be bought for their original price.

Their acts of remaking ask us to think about how process, remuneration, and physical effort in textile production are wildly variable and remind us that fabrics and fibers have complex stories to tell. Other female artists use the durational performance of handmaking to ask questions about the gendered and raced production of contemporary tex- tiles in an era marked by globalized manufacturing.

In 2013 artist Beili Liu sat in an Austin art gallery under a cloud of suspended Chinese-made scissors, hand-sewing scraps of white cloth together with black thread (fig.

…mess of wriggling worms.” 36As Liu threaded her needle and made small stitches for this performance-based installation, titled The Mending Project, the cloth swatches, sutured with their visible dark seams, accumulated like a widening moat around her feet.

Why perform such effortful labors in public? What do these attempts at transparency and demystification offer us in an age of anxiety about what textile work looks like and where it is located?

The idea of craft as performance is signaled by art historians such as Jenni Sorkin, who elaborates on the “simultaneity of the craft-based perfor- mance and its produced object.” 39The phrase “craft as performance” is also discussed within anthropology an…

In recent projects that highlight performance and process, the “preachy” aspect of craft is complicated and nuanced; these artists do not shy away from ambivalence. Handmaking has been heralded as a path to personal and social “salvation,” as Craig’s soap- box speech declared. However, the political and economic realities of textile handicraft in the early twenty-first century mean that any alternative it offers to late capitalism also coexists with its predictably neoliberal encourage- ments of individual branding—that is, craft does not undercut market ex- changes but impels and relies upon their flexible expansion. Here the notion of “craft futures” does not signify utopian promise but keys in to commod- ity futures trading and speculation—gambling on the uncertainties of the economy to yield large profits. The relentless marketing of the handmade as a way to purchase “unique” objects, coupled with the sometimes high physical costs enacted on the bodies of some makers, means that textiles must always be seen as a mixed terrain, one marked by cares and also exploitations.

Main Page

2025-08-20T19:11:13Z

Wtrettien: /* Shakespeare */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Craftwork ===

:[[Bryan-Wilson 2017|Bryan-Wilson, Julia. ''Fray: Art + Textile Politics.'' University of Chicago Press, 2017.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Graziano 2025

2025-08-20T19:09:33Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025. rather than the hypermasculine ideal of a swashbuck- ler, we want to refocus attention on the pirate as a disabled worker (with the eye patch, hook hand, peg leg) cultivating rebellious forms of solidarity and care. When pirates seized a ship that would other- wise almost certainly have been their coffin, they were appropriating the pin..."

Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.

rather than the hypermasculine ideal of a swashbuck- ler, we want to refocus attention on the pirate as a disabled worker (with the eye patch, hook hand, peg leg) cultivating rebellious forms of solidarity and care.

When pirates seized a ship that would other- wise almost certainly have been their coffin, they were appropriating the pinnacle technology of their age and repurposing it as a tool for libera- tion. Therefore, it’s no coincidence that those who used the printing press to disseminate knowledge, against the will of authorities, were also branded as pirates—challengers of the power structures that sought to control not just the seas, but the flow of ideas.

Aboli- tionism and deinstitutionalization, as intertwined traditions of both practical and theoretical inter- ventions in care, foreground repair as a radical and transformative gesture, and as a way of exposing contradictions embedded in existing organi- zations. Repair, in this sense, is not some gentle alternative to conflict; it’s a pragmatic confron- tation with the violent carceral and hierarchical logics embedded within care institutions.

Care has always been mediated by specialized technological means, and in non-exploitative societies, technology could be recognized for what it truly is: a set of tools for expanding our capacity to care.

Recognizing care as labor is essential, but it must go hand in hand with challenging the ownership structures that restrict access to the tools, knowledge, and resources needed to undertake that labor and so to create and sustain diverse care ecosystems.

The creation of the #syllabi within social movements pushes against violent scenarios as a practice of collective care for what radical pedagogy theorists call “really-useful knowl- edge,” or knowledge that can be used to challenge oppression, as opposed to the supposedly “useful” knowledge that is routinely favored by corporate interests.92

With the Pirate Care Syllabus, we worked together with a small crew of pirate care practi- tioners to digitize and preserve their educational tools in plaintext, HTML, and PDF formats (which have proved most resilient to digital decay) using a free software platform we built called Sand- points. It might not last forever, but certainly longer than the self-made websites or social media plat- forms running on corporate server clouds.

Every form of education carries a hidden cur- riculum, shaping behaviors and relationships as much as it trains skills. The sociality of partisan expertise sustains different ways of belonging and differentiating. Partisan expertise yanks the rug out from under the feet of those who tout neutral, professionalized, and supposedly “only” technical interventions.

Practicing new forms of kinship must be rooted in a relentless commitment to structural changes that can also impact those with whom we do not share an affinity. In other words, they must transform society and its material bases, not just immediate social relations; and these goals must be inter- twined. These kinship practices cannot serve us as cozy substitutes for broader struggles. They can and should be micropolitical manifestations where the libidinal drives for a liberated future are rehearsed, nurtured, and made militant.

This condition of shared vulnerability, rooted in the recognition of our fragile bodies, and the abo- lition of systemic injustices, is the starting point for a pirate politics of solidarity.

We need deep pedagogies that do not position expertise as the opposite of political engagement. Alongside advo- cating for access to knowledge, we need to push back against the privatization of education and the compromised terrain of educational institu- tions, but also by refusing to settle for their current limitations and injustices.

One of the central ideas of this book is that mutiny is already a shared reality in the land- scape of care—a recognition that if we truly wish to care for this world and its inhabitants, we must disobey the orders that bind us to its shipwreck.

the everyday defiance of nurses, cooks, friends, programmers, amateurs, tinkerers, librarians, professionals, custodians, and kin who join together to practice care dangerously.

In addition to providing care where it is most needed, and in addition to refusing artificial borders imposed by Empire, they show that the world does not need to be this way and they pre- figure alternatives.

Pirate care is the revolutionary practice of the plebeian multitude against Empire. In potent yet not widely recognized ways, pirate carers are striking back from a position of deep asymme- try. In doing so, they are opening up a space of political possibility. By caring despite the laws and despite all odds, they immanently enact a differ- ent, insurgent world.

Their forms of solidarity, new and old, large and small, are important because they challenge tradi- tional notions of care, offering alternative ways to address living needs, often in the service of people neglected by what we call the neoliberal capital- ist Empire’s “matrix of care.” This matrix insists and enforces the enclosure of care by an oppres- sive triumvirate of the state, the market, and the family.

Uncaring Empire does not simply ignore care. It seeks to monopolize it and divide it between the state, the market, and the family. In building care in defiance of all three, pirate care practices challenge this order fundamentally, demonstrating that another world of care is possible.

Autonomously organized pirate care practices help us take a nuanced position vis-à-vis the problem of the role of the state, which has plagued the left for many generations. When these grassroots practices, for instance, make undocumented migrants legiti- mate subjects of care, they put pressure on public institutions to grant people needed resources and protection from legal and extralegal violence. Thus, citizen activists are refusing to be reduced to cheap substitutes for welfare provisions that should be accessible to all. Rather, they are exposing the public sector’s contradictions, toxicities, and rou- tinized mishaps, engaging state institutions while declining to normalize nationalistic logics and administrative harm.

We know that the idea that an individual can “own” a part of the world, of the common wealth created by a society, and that they can be legally protected in their exclusive use and enjoyment of it (even when it has terrible consequences for others), is a very par- ticular and dangerous aspect of the neocolonial system that today manifests as Empire.

Pirates have always been enemies of the imperial property regime, not only because they raid and plunder, but because they refuse to be the property of the navies that conscript them.

The practices of pirate care emerge specifically against this criminalization of solidarity and help people generate the courage to disobey.

In this sense, pirate care builds on a legacy of civil disobedience, but not to make a spectacle of transgression to shame the powerful. Rather, these practices disobey in order to show that it is possible to organize care for those to whom care is denied and intervene where care is no longer legal. In this, they imagine new ways of instituting care, starting from the compro- mised realities of our tangled relations under the punitive order of Empire.

In this book, we propose pirate care not as a distinct definable protocol but a concept to help those already involved and those looking to get involved in defiant practices of solidarity find one another and discover a common vocabulary for what we are doing in a myriad of ways. Unlike those institutions of Empire’s matrix of care, the strengths of pirate care are its multiplicity, plas- ticity, opacity, and capacity to adapt to local conditions, contexts, and opportunities.

Pirate care, as a radically feminist proposition, is an ecology of practices where the figure of the carer is also the cared-for, and where interdepen- dence is a core tenet.

Instead, we embrace a pragmatics of pirate carers: those who work in the messy, queer, and radical spaces where care grows not from compliance to protocols, but from tender, rebellious acts of collective survival.

We need to activate the carer in the pirate, and vice versa. To be a pirate without also being a carer risks being co-opted into a regime of property, even as its enemy, opportunistically plundering the world as it is without building one that is differ- ent. To be a carer without also being a pirate risks having one’s care held at ransom by Empire and channeled into the state, the market, or the family.

Critical discourse of care is often inhibited by an unfortunate dichotomy that tends to place care in opposition to tools, techniques, and tech- nologies, an approach stemming, in part, from simplistic patriarchal paradigms of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Care was viewed mainly as fluid and unquantifiable, an inherent aspect of affection and intimacy, while technology was associated with rationality, instrumentality, calcu- lability, and systemic order. Care was relegated to the domestic realm, while technology was cham- pioned as a tool of unbridled productivity for the public world of commerce and civilization. One of the central contentions of this book is that the opposition between care and technology is mis- leading. Pirate care initiatives whose stories we tell in this book, use and misuse various technologies, appropriating and adapting them for the purposes of instituting care.

The ethics of pirate care emphasizes the need to resist extractive practices of our digital overlords and to reclaim or build our own tools and infrastructures to sustain complex organiza- tional ambitions. If care and technology are seen as opposed, we are not imagining broadly enough.

This book introduces pirate care through five defining aspects: disobedient instituting, critical usership of tools, commoning of private property, pedagogies of partisan expertise, and queer kinning.

Main Page

2025-08-20T19:07:15Z

Wtrettien: /* Notes */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Graziano 2025|Valeria Graziano, Marcell Mars and Tomislav Medak. ''Pirate Care: Acts Against the Criminalization of Solidarity.'' Pluto Press, 2025.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Telegraphy

2025-08-20T19:04:56Z

Wtrettien:

[[Colligan and Linley 2011]] -- Ivan Raykoff chapter on piano interface in early telegraphs, typewriters, and player pianos

[[Kieve 1973]] -- British history of the telegraph

see Arthur C. Clarke, ''How the World was One'' (1992) https://archive.org/details/howworldwasonebe0000clar_l7b2

see Gabler, ''The American Telegrapher'' (1988)

see Prescott, ''History Theory and Practice of the Electric Telegraph'' (1860)

== Renata Vinci, "A telegraph for China: The attempted application of Caselli’s pantelegraph to transmit Chinese characters, 1856−87" ==

The possibility to import telegraphy in China encountered the opposition of the imperial government from its very early stages. In 1865, when, for the first time, a foreigner attempted to build a telegraphic line between Shanghai and Wusong, this innovative communication system faced a proscription by the local officials and the rebellion of the residents who literally pulled out most of the telegraph line poles…

248

In the same period, the Italian inventor Giovanni Caselli’s revolutionary telegraph was repeatedly met with Chinese interest, both by direct witnesses and by the local press.

248

From the early stage of his e ments he focused on improving existing telegraphic systems to transcend the transcription process through conventional signs employed at that time by the more popular Morse and Wheatstone telegraphs (Larousse 1897: 490) so that alphabetic script and autograph documents could be transmitted inte- grally without codificat…

248

A few days after the release of its first issue, the paper mentioned Caselli’s inven- tion as the first telegraph permitting the transmission of Chinese characters.

250

Many nineteenth century sources, as well as more recent ones, concern- ing Caselli’s work have reported news of a Chinese legation who witnessed Caselli’s experiments. In an article appearing in L’illustrazione italiana, Savorgnan de Brazzà had even published the overambitious statement that it was a mission appointed by the Emperor of China to find a system to overcome the problem of the telegraphic transmission in eastern languages, avoiding the transcription into a western alphabet which was the only one compatible with the telegraphic devices of th…

251

Caselli had clear in his mind the potential of his pantelegraph and the close relation between such an innovative medium and non-European languages, as proved by one of his handwritten caselligrammi signed by himself, stating that Eastern languages, above all Chinese and Arabic, can use no other tele- graph than the autographic o…

252

…different kinds of styluses could produce different coloured prints, mainly red when using a copper stylus and blue (not black!) when using an iron one, leading to the formulation of some hypotheses regarding the use of a stylus made of different metals to obtain multicolour drawings.

253

Although we do not know whether or not Caselli’s i tion remained a main topic of this investigation, and of the later Chinese public discussion on the necessity of the development of telegraphy in China, the Shenbao article testifies that it had not completely disappeared from the public debate in the period from the 1866 mission until a second contact in the 1880s.

256

Many studies about Caselli mention the application of the pantelegraph in China in 1885 as proof of the validity of the Casellian system and of its diffusion abroad (Ferri 1978: 331; Crispolti and Pierini 1997: 23). However, thanks to the unpublished sources discovered during the course of this research, it is possible to affirm that, although Caselli had established some successful contacts not only with Chinese but also with Japanese represent- atives (Coopersmith 2012: 4, 2015: 24), he eventually failed in the a…

256

commercialize his pantelegraph in Asia.

257

…the Chinese have invented a much easier system using the ordinary telegraph as follows: in Chinese, 4,000 or 5,000 characters are enough to approximately convey any expressible idea. Nevertheless, they printed some manuals or dictionaries containing 8,000 characters in which every character is marked by a European number. Such manu- als are provided to all the telegraphic offi…

257

All things considered, a regular telegraphic transmission arrived quite late in China, since the first Chinese telegraph land line was built only in 1881 to connect Shanghai and Tianjin (Baark 1997: 159). The first line came after some minor attempts both by foreigners and Chinese, which, as it has been discussed, were often obstructed by the opposition of the Qing central government and local officials.

258

A special transcription system was thus elaborated in 1870 by the Danish astronomer Hans Schjellerup and perfected by the French harbour master, Septimo Auguste Viguier in Shanghai. The constant work of the two foreigners resulted in a codebook first published in 1872, containing 6,899 characters, which was later enlarged by others. Their system consisted of a series of four digit number that identified every Chinese character, arranged by Chinese radicals: through a process of codification and de-codification, Chinese characters could finally be suitable for telegraphic transmission…

258

Caselli’s pantelegraph may somehow be considered an ephemeral meteor in the history of western telegraphy, but this ancestor of the fax represents a moment in the history of the scientific and technological exchange between China and the West, as well as a symbolic occasion to explore a variety of Chinese sources, and introduces numerous Chinese personalities of the late-Qing period involved in different ways in the contact with the West, all connected by the common pantelegraphic experience.

259

With the failure of Caselli’s attempt, China would wait until the early years of the twentieth century to finally get enthusiastic about an image transmission system when Belin’s visit to China, and the public trials of his telephotograph, led to the definitive first application of such technology on Chinese soil…

260

Menke 2019

2025-08-20T19:00:50Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Menke, Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900 (2019) Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - The Phonautograph and Nineteenth-Century Media The phonautograph and its successors were a landmark in the study of sound. But their inventor Léon Scott was no scientist or engineer. Rather, he came to imagine a machine for capturing sound because of his desire to optimize and automate the great medium of writing. As a printer and typesetter..."

Menke, Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900 (2019)

Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - The Phonautograph and Nineteenth-Century Media

The phonautograph and its successors were a landmark in the study of sound. But their inventor Léon Scott was no scientist or engineer. Rather, he came to imagine a machine for capturing sound because of his desire to optimize and automate the great medium of writing. As a printer and typesetter in an age of industrial acceleration, Scott became obsessed with the problem of setting down words and speech as rapidly and accurately as possible.

2

In the next decade, he developed the phonautograph to explore the possibilities of a mechan- ized stenography.

2

As its name suggests, Scott hoped the phonautograph would let sound write itself. A machine for listening, his device was supposed to mimic the human ear (its collecting chamber and artiﬁcial tympanic membrane were modeled on anatomical diagrams) and then to act as an automatized hand, turning sound into sight.

4

Imagining a better stenography, Scott created the phonautograph as a form of mechanized writing that could instantly, faithfully, and durably render the contours of sound on paper.

4

Unspooled from the machine’s cylinder, ﬂattened into the shape of other docu- ments, a phonautogram could enter nineteenth-century archives oriented around the storage of paper media. Scott even set up the phonautograph to produce its output “by analogy with the familiar conventions of [European] alphabetic writing,” usually arranging the machine so that as a sheet of paper rotated on its cylinder, the stylus inscribed it from top to bottom, left to right.

4

From its technical speciﬁcations to a signiﬁcant part of its content, then, the phonautograph epitomized the assumption that even new, experimental inscription devices

4

would function as forms of writing – a testament to writing’s conceptual preeminence in an age when every new inscription technology seemed to claim a status as a something-graph that made something-grams, as the newest -graphy. But by the ﬁnal decades of the century, this assumption no longer held sway. The development of new media technologies beyond telegraphy or photography, and the prospect of continued invention and change, helped dislodge writing as the inevitable reference point and printed literature as the test case for every new medium.

5

Scott imagined a machine that could listen and write. In contrast, Edison’s great insight was to realize that patterns produced by a machine might also be read by one.

5

The First Sound group’s digital image-scans rendered a phonautogram as a set of numbers, making it available for algorithmic manipulation. Spatial marks on archived paper could now

6

become cues for the mathematical generation of sound. Place a digital ﬁle in the proper format, and an obliging computer can be made to render it as audio.

7

…this book will argue that the late nineteenth century was also a period in which developments in media and culture drove widespread discussion of technologies of communication and inscription – about how they aligned with one another and about how they mediated human experience. New inventions didn’t make print and writing obsolete. Rather, they prompted new ways of understanding various modes of writing in relation to other media.

7
Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - Media beyond Writing

As this book will argue, late nineteenth-century writers were less likely to treat new media as writing than to view print and writing in terms of newer media. Furthermore, by the s and s, authors concerned with the status and the future of print often treated some forms of writing and print as more like new media technologies than others.

8

As if following out the idea that the photograph was essentially a mode of writing, Wil- liam Henry Fox Talbot strove to become its Gutenberg, working to make photography into a technology for reproducing copies of an image on paper, as opposed to the daguerreotype’s one-of-a-kind pictures on metal. Taking this eﬀort to its logical conclusion, as early as the s, Constance Talbot worked with her husband to “print” texts via photography, chemically transferring letter-images onto paper without a press.

8

Some nineteenth-century new media seemed to arrogate certain func- tions of writing, while others seemed to create hybrids between writing and something else: the “telautograph” transmitted the movements of a writer’s pen to a stylus across the electric wi…

9

Storage, communication, reproduction: in the ﬁnal decades of the nineteenth century, new technologies broke up the functions united in writing or print. They encouraged new ways of understanding nontextual media, beyond their promises to extend, improve upon, or incorporate writing.

9

The so-called second industrial revolution of the late nineteenth cen- tury – with its systematic application of science to industrial production, its emphasis on transport and communication technologies, and its new uses for electricity – made the development, marketing, and adoption of new media almost routine. Earlier in the century, it had taken decades for media technologies such as photography or telegraphy to become familiar. But now the cycle of production, commercialization, and reﬁnement became part of the cultural understanding of new technologies. Media that had existed largely as industrial prototypes (mechanized typesetting) or scientiﬁc toys (stereoscopes) began to be more aggressively exploited, marketed, and reﬁned.

10

…ion and spread of new technologies became part of modern life; Walt Whitman and other nineteenth-century writers could “mark the spirit of invention everywhere.” Rapid innovation made it easier to think of emerging media in terms of other new technologies.

10

What’s modern about media in the late nineteenth century isn’t simply the arrival of particular new technologies but the fact that all forms of media, old and new, now enter a world in which they will converge, contrast, ally with, or distinguish themselves from others.

11

By the ﬁnal decades of the nineteenth century, media technologies appeared as part of larger systems of aﬃliation and alignment, spontaneous or lasting conﬁgurations that included forms of print.

11

…the pianola or player piano, which scrolled through a perforated paper roll to press down the piano’s keys and play music, technically resembled a Jacquard loom more closely than it did a phonograph or gramophone. Yet at the turn of the century, it came together with those quite diﬀerent audio technologies in discussions – and in United States legislation – about musical reproduction, performances, and audiences.

12
Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - Thinking about Media in the Late Nineteenth Century

But it will also focus on the things in ideas, on how material objects become scaﬀolds for human imagination and understanding.

13

The invention of new media helps account for the dynamics of late nineteenth-century literary history, but literature in turn helped to invent meanings for these media. Print literature responds to a culture mediated by multiple new technologies, sometimes presenting itself as the alternative to a world of media, sometimes identi- fying itself with that world.

14

…the late nineteenth century’s rapid invention and commercialization of new media technologies encouraged a kind of informal, heuristic sense that some print forms were more like the new nonprint media than others. For one thing, the production of periodicals tended to drive innovations in printing, with printers and publishers of books adopting new technologies more slowly. But even books could seem more medium-like when they constituted components of a workaday media system. Newspapers, serial ﬁction, and ultimately even the sturdy British three-volume novel: in the s and s, these print-forms seemed to go over to the media.

15
Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - Toward an Archaeology of Media Systems

The invention of media in the late nineteenth century supported the tendency to link them in diverse ways, to align media into systems.

17

By media systems, I mean the ways that media could be aligned in consistent relationships to one another, and the eﬀects that seemed to follow from these alignments.

17

…g references to technology or journalism in literary texts, I have approached the nexus of literature and media more broadly, seeing print and nonprint media as linked by ideas about media that were deeply bound up with changing technologies and practices.

17

What does a media system look like or sound like at the end of the nineteenth century, an era recognized for its general “fascination with systems”? How do you represent one? A system might sound abstract and general, but I’ve found that media systems are often represented in terms of highly speciﬁc images or events.

18

Writers in this era come to terms with new media and media systems by building on the critical and ideological tools at hand, so media also become matters of class, nation, gender, race, citizenship, and cultural values. As with scientiﬁc invention itself, or the work of imaginative writing, the eﬀort to understand a mediated world reveals creativity and improvisation rather than suggesting any simple techno- logical determinism.

18
Introduction: Inventing Media and Their Meanings - From Intermediality to Vernacular Media Theory

The era’s theories will most often revolve around three broad, related dialectical possibilities that emerge from its ferment of media: the development of new mass and technological media increases the distinctions between media or erodes them; it highlights the material properties of media or points to ways of transcending them; it drives a culture toward unity and convergence, or promotes conﬂict, fragmentation, or supersession.

21

Countries could be united via intercontinental telegraph cables but still divided by diﬀerent approaches to media. For that reason, this study juxtaposes the literary imaginations of media systems in Great Britain and the United States, taking advantage of the comparatist energies of a transatlantic analysis.

22
Chapter 1 A Message on All Channels: The Unification of Humanity

The discourses initiated by the Garﬁeld assassination suggest an informatic feedback loop that turned a set of events into something more: in the discourse networks of , the assassination of President Garﬁeld became an unwitting cultural reﬂection upon the logic and the psychodynamics of the late nineteenth-century media ecology.

26

Reading the Garﬁeld murder in its media ecology suggests the new power of saturation across media to evoke feelings of vicarious involvement and social unity while making a sensa- tional event seem to exceed history – to have a global and even cosmic signiﬁcance.

26
Chapter 1 A Message on All Channels: The Unification of Humanity - Sobbing Bells

Within  minutes of Garﬁeld’s death, telegraphic word had reached not only Boston but also San Fran- cisco and the small town of Seattle in the distant Washington Territory, where the bells also rang.

44

At midnight, between September  and , , Whitman’s sobbing bells have formed a bell system, a national network that not only conveys information but also conﬁrms or constitutes the unity of a “Nation” whose public discourses had been celebrating its uniﬁed response since July . The nation, like the President who was trans- formed into dots and dashes and data points, has become a public body electric.

44

For Whitman, the mediated but immediate experience of hearing the “death-news” has rendered the poet’s memorializing func- tion obsolete.

45

…was the death of Garﬁeld the ﬁrst American media event? It monopolized the media; it called forth reverent proclamations of unity; it revealed the full potential of “the wires that form a sympathetic cord uniting the continents,” the everyday miracle of the discourse networks of . And, thanks perhaps to telegraphers’ advance preparations, it came as close as then possible to live stat…

45

Every live media event may demand to be the ﬁrst, may translate syn- chronic coverage on every channel into diachronic singularity, may claim a psychic monopoly that coopts attempts at historical thinking into a perverse corroboration of the predominance of the present day.

46

With every transfer of information about the event, each translation from electrical impulse to printer’s stereotype, this unwitting metacom- mentary seemed to make itself more apparent. Under the strain of the two- and-a-half-month-long Garﬁeld assassination, a media system that linked dissemination, technology, and social discourse began to register its own properties ever more emphatically, its feedback overwhelming the melan- choly signal.

47
Chapter 2 Fictions of the Victorian Telephone: The Medium Is the Media

By the s, telephone service had been available in Great Britain for more than a decade. But the British telephone industry still struck its many critics as “backward and exclusive.” Other countries had cheaper services and many more telephone subscribers, which in turn made having a telephone more useful.

51

Rather, in each of these stories – despite their diﬀerent thematic interests – the telephone becomes a device for representing an entire daily complex of print and other communication modes. The medium represents the media.

52

But in the s, because it was neither a common domestic item nor an important mass-cultural medium, the telephone could oﬀer British authors something of a blank slate – or an open circuit – for imaging the logic of an emerging media system.

53

Other writers and journalists speculated on the telephone’s future use for sound broadcast, and journalists reported every experiment to transmit live events on the device, such the plans of the London Electrophone Company (founded in ) to bring “music, religious sermons, and news to paying subscribers.”

53

In each of these texts about would-be writers, the telephone forms part of a modern media system that presents obstacles to modern literary production. It does so not primarily through its technical proper- ties but by epitomizing an idea that will be called the media a generation

53

later: a system composed of nonprint technologies as well as print-forms created for a mass audience. Fictionalizing the late Victorian telephone means aligning it with a complex that includes not only new media technologies but also print media seeking new audiences and new ubi- quity, a complex that these ﬁctional works polemically oppose to literary production.

54
Chapter 3 New Media, New Journalism, New Grub Street: Unsanctified Typography - Media Material

For all its powers of dissemination, the electric telegraph is not a mechanism for literary publication. But it provides the vehicle for a metaphor that helps introduce an entire discursive nexus about writing and other media. Once again, a modern medium is the media.

75
Chapter 4 The Sinking of the Triple-Decker: Format Wars

The three-volume format for novels didn’t come to an end because novelists felt aesthetically constrained by it, or because they complained about it in public, or because dissatisﬁed readers rejected it.

94

Building upon the work of the book historians who have told the story of the three-volume format and its fall, this chapter examines the three-volume novel in a diﬀerent way: as part of a media system that linked private libraries to publishers, tied the distribution of ﬁction to its material form, and aligned novels with other print genres.

95
Chapter 4 The Sinking of the Triple-Decker: Format Wars - The Three-Volume Standard

For decades, the three-volume format and library borrowing became the Victorian middle-class public’s most prominent mode of access to new secular, adult novels printed as books.

96

…e by the late Victorian era the three-volume novel had come to represent the norms of workaday British ﬁction. As a byword or a target, the “procrustean system” of the three-volume novel conﬂated issues of ﬁction’s aesthetics, economics, and physical form.

96

…se, by the end of its heyday, a variety of writers associate the three-volume novel with what seem like the values of a caricatured mid-Victorian middle class: conventionality, regularity, propri- ety, and dubious pretensions to endurance or monumentality.

96

The most crucial aspect of the Victorian three-volume novel followed from its high cost: it wasn’t priced for sale to general readers at all. Rather, the main buyers of novels in this expensive format were the private circulating libraries that came to dominate the trade in new ﬁction, especially Mudie’s (which began lending books in ) and W. H. Smith’s (which added a subscription service to its railway bookstalls in ).

97

But in its three-volume form, it addressed itself not to a vast, vague readership, but to a small, well-deﬁned one. In fact, the three-volume format functioned to delay or even prevent the circulation of the novel to a mass audience.

98

At least by the system’s ﬁnal decades, three-volume editions regularly lost money for their publishers. But they could still function as a means of testing a novel’s popularity and of promoting the work before a cheaper one- volume edition was produced.

99

The economics of the system also aligned with the speciﬁc, material properties of the three-volume format. Lending out triple-deckers by the volume meant that the libraries could circulate a single “copy” of a novel among three subscribers at once. And, although in practice the format could be quite ﬂexible, the circulating libraries depended on maintaining the norm of long novels that called for slow reading.

99

The form and scale of Victorian ﬁction, then – with its multiple plotlines and rhythms of introduction, compli- cation, and resolution (including the notorious weakness of second volumes) – were intimately tied to the economics of its standardized format for distribution and consumption.

99

As maintained by Mudie’s, Smith, and their smaller counterparts, and by the practices of publishers and authors whose output came within their purview, the system that included the triple-decker and the private circu- lating library proved remarkably durable. Indeed, its comparative stability suggests that we should understand this system as what Tim Wu calls an “information empire.” In such an empire, dominant media ﬁrms create a closed system that maintains their ﬁnancial interests but stiﬂes technical or economic innovation.

101
Chapter 4 The Sinking of the Triple-Decker: Format Wars - A New Order on the Eve of Establishment

A number of factors were making the three-volume format less domin- ant and less proﬁtable: the diﬃculty of disposing of previous years’ crops of triple-deckers; the establishment of free public libraries; the growth of cheaper book formats, and the increasing popularity of genres that didn’t employ the format at all.

104

But in the late Victorian era, portable formats were becoming less and less synonymous with penny dreadfuls and stray reprints of older works, the disreputable novels on display at the station.

104

Matters only became more uncomfort- able for the circulating libraries when publishers pushed their cheaper reprints of novels close to their debuts in three volumes, reducing the term during which the libraries could oﬀer exclusive access.

104

As late Victorian writers frequently noted, modern ﬁction in France and the United States was sold in single volumes and priced for sale to readers; public attention to the anomalous British triple-decker could both reﬂect and exacerbate frustration with the format and the publishing system it embodied.

105

The heft and the stable, standardized format of the three-decker embodied and gratiﬁed a mid-Victorian sense of taste that prized the massive or monumental as a sign of worth, a taste amply conﬁrmed by the era’s furniture, architecture, and industrial design. But later in the century, an interest in lightness or craftedness in aesthetics coincided with an acceptance of the kind of punctuated attention suited to briefer reading, the kind of reading that might be done on public transport or between

105

tasks.

106
Chapter 5 Writers of Books: The Unmediated Novel

For all its social elitism, then, the three-volume novel had also come to stand for pedestrian daily media in thrall to their material format and to the infrastructure of their production, distribution, and use.

112

In their ﬁction about writers in the wake of the triple-decker, Corelli and Paston again present problems of the novel and its audience as problems of the novel’s materiality and its relationship to a powerful complex of media.

113
Chapter 6 Words Fail: Occulting Media into Information

Steadily tapping away behind the novel’s sex, gore, and terror, the typewriter allows Dracula to imagine how media diversity yields that homogeneous and apparently demediated substance, modern information.

139
Chapter 7 A Connecticut Yankee's Media Wars: Orality and Obliteracy - Typesetting 2.0

…bianca.” In the s, W. L. Wardell identiﬁed the typewriter as “a form of printing press” and pre- dicted that it would soon develop into “a ﬁxture or an article of furniture” to be used not for private writing or business documents but for “presswork.”…

171

The Paige Compositor accelerated movable type; the Linotype liquid- ated it. Mergenthaler’s device replaced the old conception of type as something valuable enough to be collected and reused with type-casting on demand. Slug-casting machines like the Linotype treated print not as an assemblage of units with the potential to recombine in meaningful ways but as a disposable gestalt created by the temporary need to place content within the dimensions of a page or column.

177

Linotype prevented not only the correction of individual words or charac- ters but also ﬁne-tuning such as kerning. It was more readily adopted for printing newspapers than for books—basic, disposable type for an age of disposable daily literature. Promotional materials fancifully imagined authors freed from “the drudgery and cramp of writing or revising manuscripts . . . by the entertaining pastime of playing out their thoughts, pianoforte fashion, on the .”

177

Whereas the Paige Compositor runs the assembly and disassembly of type concurrently through a single, uniﬁed machine, the Linotype simply melts down old slugs for new ones, a process that parallels the analog ﬂows of information on electric telegraph cables or telephone wires. The Linotype doesn’t mechanize the Gutenbergian art of

177

Pen

177

type-compositing; it abolishes it. Supplanting movable type with meltable type, slug-casting machines reimagine print itself as an evanescent, stream- lined, ﬂowing medium suited to an emergent understanding of fungible information.

178
After Words: The End of the Book

Rather than picturing the ﬁn of books, placing print-forms in the contexts of our media environments oﬀers us opportunities to consider the ends of books in a diﬀerent sense: their diﬀerent functions within changing media systems.

193

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== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. World Projects: Global Information before World War I.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Krajewski 2014

2025-08-20T18:59:23Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Krajewski, Markus. World projects : global information before World War I. 2014. in the second half of the nineteenth century, big business no longer ori- ents itself according to national borders. The age of corporations begins, and they pursue their business in the international setting and thus build new commercial empires. Page 1 As the laying of railroad ties was accompanied by the erection of telegraph poles, the deep sea cable was sunk beneath the main routes o..."

Krajewski, Markus. World projects : global information before World War I. 2014.

in the second half of the nineteenth century, big business no longer ori- ents itself according to national borders. The age of corporations begins, and they pursue their business in the international setting and thus build new commercial empires.

Page 1

As the laying of railroad ties was accompanied by the erection of telegraph poles, the deep sea cable was sunk beneath the main routes of the steamboat lines to produce “direct exchange of thought” 1across continents. What remains decisive for the development of media such as the railroad, telegraphy, steamboat travel, or mail is the fact that they can hardly be described independently of one another. Rather, they intertwine even during their respective formation, dovetail, must be synchronized or adapted to one another, so that at the turn from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, a proper multimedia sys- tem evolves from different networks that produces specific effects.

Page 2

Along with the gradually solidifying network of steamboat lines that brought Europe into more regular contact with other parts of the world than sailboats had previously been capable of, the foundation emerged for an international infrastructure on which economic, personal, and infor- mational exchange would be based.

Page 2

The nautical network doesn’t only demand the possibility of connec- tions to the railway. The railway also serves as an example with regard to regularity and timing of travel.

Page 3

…the gradual shaping of a global nau- tical network, the frequency of its schedules, and the continual connec- tion to remote parts of the world are governed by a different set of laws than the demand for vacant seats for passengers. For the formation of new shipping lines that link each port in this way into a network of con- nections that encompasses the entire globe obeys the primacy of the postal system. It is a conditio sine qua non that an inconspicuous sign is attached to each transmission, which by its simple presence is neverthe- less meant to standardize entire empires.

Page 3

As a result of the Universal Postal Union, not only do the principal transmission possibilities condense into a multi- media system consisting of people, goods, and information to be deliv- ered but rather, according to another hypothesis, the upturn in the use of the term world itself begins to demonstrate its impact. The Universal Postal Union contributes like almost no other institution to the notion of Welt being brought into circulation as a model prefix.

Page 4

…the cable companies—in contrast to other indus- tries under high industrial conditions—already form comparatively early cartels, which, because of the multinational orientation of oceanic teleg- raphy, always operate internationally and thereby globally. Thus world- wide networking follows the paradox of expansion with simultaneous centralization.

Page 4

…surren- dered the power of temporal control to the means of transport. Time in the nineteenth century finds itself firmly in the grasp of railroad corpora- tions. And if with each change along the route the operating company of the rail connection also changes, and thus the reference point for time, this poses difficulties for the traveler.

Page 5

…since 1880, the unified time for each locale in all of England has been the “railway time,” which, for its part, had already been standardized among the various corpo- rations three decades before. The United States likewise expanded the points of local time to flat areas and, in 1883, divided the approximately eighty railway times of its states into four zones…

Page 5

It is the absence of an inconspicuous letter (lowercase a) on a timetable that turns out to be the cause for a train’s failure to appear, upon which—in this case the object of desire—Fleming waits in vain in the backwoods Irish town of Bandoran in June 1876. Four months after he waited for twelve unpleasant hours in the train station at Bandoran, from 5:35 p.m. to 5:35 a.m., Sandford Fleming produced a plan that would take the sim- ple exchange of a signifier as cause to transform the complex administra- tive framework consisting of various time designations, which in coun- tries other than England were complicated even before the idiosy…

Page 5

of railway time and its many clocks, into a worldwide definition.

Page 6

Following the Prime Meridian Conference in 1884, the politicians in Washington ultimately only spared particular local times of his unified concept. Albeit coordinated to a standard day and divided into twenty- four time zones, they were nevertheless oriented according to political boundaries and not—as the engineer had planned—according to a rigid, geometrical system of longitude.

Page 6

In the second half of the nineteenth century, traffic interconnects into a network that, on one hand, is persistently expanding to establish its func- tionality in ever finer branches, ultimately with worldwide scope. On the other hand, this network called global transport systematically smoothes the principal difference of locomotion by land or sea…

Page 6

Or asked differently: what experiences on a regional level permit the projector to carry his plans over to worldwide scale. What mechanism provides for the transition from the local to the global?

Page 6

What is decisive is that global transit as a system offers a multitude of “possible transport connections” (Voigt 1965, 1067) at every junction, at each of its switch points.

Page 6

In other words, under the conditions of global transit, the itinerary of a journey can rely on a hitherto unknown contingency of routes that ultimately promise to bring everything together.

Page 6

Through the development of the transit system, the geography of Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries is quite gradu- ally integrated in the form of stagecoach routes, but all the more rapidly in the nineteenth century under the conditions of the railway, steam- ship, and telegraphy. The timetable can be understood as a symbol of this expansive consolidation. Thus a small theory of the timetable should now be developed by means of a brief historical derivation, to outline the expansion of the individual, disconnected itineraries into a supra- regional compendium that spans continents, to characterize the process from route to connectivity as an interconnection of the world (of transit) in paperback fo…

Page 8

The timetable developed in an initial step from the compilation of indi- vidual itineraries into a compendium that, initially stemming from a few main routes, listed the possible connections and the corresponding transfers to the destinations along the main line. The basis of this devel- opment is the establishment of the Ordinari mail after 1530, a system dependent on regularity, permanence, and publicity that, unlike before, brought the cities of central Europe together through a network of postal stations for every man at the behest of a client or, as the case may be, according to the exclusive instruction of a prince.

Page 9

…the postal service begins to normalize the early modern space-time frame- work, in that it makes the stretch of road from one stage of the journey to the next calculable. A post was fifteen kilometers, or two hours. 9This standardization forms the foundation for the predictability of routes and simultaneously makes it possible, barring potential disruptions in the form of muddy roads after a storm, for example, to publicize itineraries with increasing precision.

Page 9

…the precision of departure times climbs from the listing of days, which was previously common, to hourly events. Around 1820, the express mail service then began to use minute-by-minute scheduling— still before the existence of railroads. Thus the timetable with entries in minutes traces its origin back to the itinerary of the express mail.

Page 9

10With this more exact synchronization at the latest, the route directories begin to convey the impression of a news and travel infrastructure that is as regular as it is supraregional.

Page 9

Rather, this effect stems equally from another process: spatial expansion.

Page 10

As a rule, however, the com- pendia of itineraries encompass a territory that coincides with national borders, as in France, Italy, or England.

Page 10

Over the course of the nineteenth century, the timetable begins to gather a whole ensemble of media as, in addition to the mail and rail- way routes, selected (mail) steamship lines and telegraph connections also appear.

Page 10

This exemplary inter- play can be seen in Hendschel’s Telegraph, the 1847 postal timetable of Ulrich Friedrich Hendschel, a destitute Hessian postal worker, or in its “official” successor, the Imperial Timetable of 1878.

Page 10

By combining the trans- port services of the patchwork rug that is central Europe into a fiction of transport–technological unity, people like Hendschel or Friedrich List ([1833] 1897), with his “Railway-System,” configure a dominion that must subsequently only be christened as the German Reich.

Page 10

In the same year as Hendschel, his British counterpart George Bernard Shaw (1801–53) publishes the first edition of his well-known—even to Phileas Fogg— Continental Railway Guide. Continuously expanded and updated, this handbook appears after 1847 and initially contains the itineraries of the European continental railways, which praise their own precision in the …

Page 11

Thus the Continental Railway Guide serves in a certain

Page 11

sense as a consistently expansive (parallel to colonial gains) international extension of Bradshaw’s Monthly General Railway and Steam Navigation Guide for Great Britain and Ireland, which documents the departure times of British (and Irish) transportation as of December 1841. Thus the world is deconstructed into two editions, one for the British Isles and the other for the rest.

Page 12

The uninterrupted routes that emanate from a junction like London denote the most important trusses, in that they bring the foun- dation of an empire into contact with its colonies. They establish chan- nels of power in a fashion that is as strategically advantageous as it is transport–technologically efficient: channels like in Suez, but above all channels of communication.

Page 12

That a canal is more than simply a vista for the transport of (human as well as information–technological) broadcast entities can be seen particularly well in the opening of the Suez Canal, which emerged for its part as a proper media ensemble.

Page 12

After its completion in 1869, the Suez Canal appears in the singular. However, it has actually always consisted of a highly integrated media ensemble, a diverse arrangement of various canals: “A telegraph wire runs through from Port Said to Suez, following…

Page 14

At its ends and junctions, the canal establishes cities from the drawing board and infrastructure like mail stations, rail- way stations, or harbors, in this case, Port Said or—midway between stations—Ismailia. This development can easily be abstracted from the shipping canal in Suez and conceived of as a general effect of (commu- nications) channels. A canal rarely comes alone. 14New hubs parasitize it, which in turn result in new channels, and so on.

Page 15

The determi- nants of the timetable are emancipated from rigid geographical circum- stances in favor of quickly accessible travel–technological connection points in desolate places (Port Said) and peripheral locales (Brindisi), which stand under the dictates of accelerated connectivity. The timetable moves these “artificial nodes” into line with traditional locations. It serial- izes the stations of global transit according to the law of maximum speed…

Page 17

Thus the difficulty of traveling in the nineteenth century appears less in the time between departure and arrival as in the span between arrival and renewed departure. Here the problem of boredom sometimes pre- sents itself:

Page 18

The requirement for the synchronization of ship and rail is the regu- larity and temporal precision of the routes, which can only be calculated after agreements between operating companies and owing to conven- tions such as the standardization of time. Thus global transit is made leg- ible. The itinerary becomes an information–technological transmission…

Page 19

Thanks to this mimetic genealogy, starting from the calèche to the train compartment and the interior of the steamboat 20onward to the cabin of the high-speed steamship, it appears as if the passenger has never really had to leave his original vehicle.

Page 21

Global transit, which rests above all on the basis of the Universal Postal Union, proves to be the effect of an interface optimization. Its high con- nectivity, which encompasses not only the contingency of the routes pro- duced by the multitude of travel possibilities offered but also the smooth connection of principally different systems such as rail and ship, causes the interface of the individual means of transport or transmissive media

Page 21

to disappear.

Page 22

…he symbolic order of a time- table, with its tables of places, arrival and departure times, organizes the interplay of individual means of transport in the real world into a system known as world transit, which coalesces through its connectivity into a proper multimedia system.

Page 22

Thus the transition from the local to the global lies within the struc- ture of a network itself. Just as the network depicts the totality of the con- nections between its points, the timetable records the complexity of the (global) transport scene.

Page 23

The timetable provides the transition from the local to the global. Only with its help does global transit become leg- ible. It is a simplex.

Page 23

The timetable elicits nothing less than this notion of a

Page 24

totally addressable world, accessible even in its most remote nooks and crannies.

Page 25

The term networking already appears quite early at the beginning of the developing global transit, during the construction of the first railway lines, artificial waterways, and telegraph lines. One of the first theorists of the transit network who grasped the new modes of transmission as a system and thus spoke of connective possibilities, networks, and nodes was Friedrich List, in his Outline of a German Railway System of March 7, 1835.

Page 25

…what is unknown leading up to the turn of the century is the degree of mutual penetration of individual components as well as the integration into a single network, which reaches the universal transmission of people, goods, and information. The stretching and branching out, the density and frequency of this multimedia system, prove to be the decisive fea- tures to elicit the notion of a networked world that, in its basic accessi- bility, no longer has any gaps or insurmountable boundaries. Everything, whether it be a place or a person, seems addressable and accessible, with a minor expenditure (of time, which proves after its standardization to be agreeable, if not compliant).

Page 27

“One could hardly be exaggerating if one said that the world as we know it was first produced by the intercontinental cables of the 19th century” (Kittler 1996, n.p.). The world around 1900 is that which the transmissive system of cables, routes, and standards holds together. In the international exchange of global transit around 1900, the basic circuitry of globalization is configured.

Page 31

Global transit is the media– technological a priori of the global projects. It forms the conditio sine qua non of internationality as such. It is first the expansion, consolida- tion, and acceleration of transit that produces the global innovations in the world around 1900. Accelerated by railway networks, in the wake of steamship lines and brought to mind by telegraph wires, a notion devel- ops that makes all such grand projects feasible.

Page 32

Main Page

2025-08-20T18:58:56Z

Wtrettien: /* 19th Century Media & Technology */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Krajewski 2014|Krajewski, Markus. ]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Abbate 1999

2025-08-20T18:57:01Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999. == Introduction == The history of the Internet is not, therefore, a story of a few heroic inventors; it is a tale of collaboration and conºict among a remarkable variety of players. Page 3 In telling the story of the Internet, I also try to ªll a gap in historical writing about computers. Much of the literature on the history of computing has focused on changes in hardware, on the achievements of individu..."

Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.

== Introduction ==

The history of the Internet is not, therefore, a story of a few heroic inventors; it is a tale of collaboration and conºict among a remarkable variety of players.

Page 3

In telling the story of the Internet, I also try to ªll a gap in historical writing about computers. Much of the literature on the history of computing has focused on changes in hardware, on the achievements of individual inventors, or on the strategies of commercial ªrms or other institutions. 2Relatively few authors have looked at the social shaping of computer communications.

Page 4

In this book I hope to cross the divide that exists between narratives of production and narratives of use. I demonstrate that the kinds of social dynamics that we associate with the use of networks also came into play during their creation, and that users are not necessarily just “consumers” of a technology but can take an active part in deªning its features. Indeed, the culture of the Internet challenges the whole distinction between producers and users. I also try to provide some historical grounding for cultural studies of the Internet by documenting the events and decisions that created the conditions of possibility for the Internet’s current status as a popular communication medium and the associated social experi- ments in cyberspace.

Page 4

Perhaps the ºuid, decentralized struc- ture of the Internet should be viewed as typical of late-twentieth- century technological systems, as it exempliªes both the increased complexity of many “high-tech” ªelds and new forms of organization that favor ºexibility and collaboration among diverse interest groups.

Page 4

Communications media often seem to dematerialize technology, presenting themselves to the user as systems that transmit ideas rather than electrons. The turbulent history of the Internet may be a reminder of the very real material considerations that lie behind this technology and of their economic and political consequences.

Page 5

My account of the origins of the network demonstrates that the design of both the ARPANET and the Internet favored military values, such as survivability, ºexibility, and high performance, over commer- cial goals, such as low cost, simplicity, or consumer appeal. These values have, in turn, affected how the network has been managed and used.

Page 5

At the same time, the group that designed and built ARPA’s networks was domi- nated by academic scientists, who incorporated their own values of collegiality, decentralization of authority, and open exchange of infor- mation into the system.

Page 5

I argue that much of the Internet’s success can be attributed to its users’ ability to shape the network to meet their own objectives.

Page 5

A network architecture designed to accommodate a variety of computing technologies, combined with an informal and inclusive management style, gave the Internet system the ability to adapt to an unpredictable environment.

Page 6

The Internet’s identity as a communication medium was not inher- ent in the technology; it was constructed through a series of social choices.

Page 6

Main Page

2025-08-20T18:56:29Z

Wtrettien: /* History of Computing / Information */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Abbate 1999|Abbate, Janet. ''Inventing the Internet.'' MIT Press, 1999.]]

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Abbate 2012

2025-08-20T18:55:16Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Abbate, Janet. Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing. MIT Press, 2012. Why were women encouraged to take up skilled computing work in the 1940s and 1950s, a period when many other technical professions did not welcome them? And given this early success, why are there not more women in the computing professions today? Page 12 The invisibility of women also reflects a more general bias: early histo- ries of computing largely equated computing with..."

Abbate, Janet. Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing. MIT Press, 2012.

Why were women encouraged to take up skilled computing work in the 1940s and 1950s, a period when many other technical professions did not welcome them? And given this early success, why are there not more women in the computing professions today?

Page 12

The invisibility of women also reflects a more general bias: early histo- ries of computing largely equated computing with hardware. This narrow focus led to a relative neglect of software, theoretical computer science, and the practice of programming. Since women rarely had the chance to participate in building computers, the initial focus on hardware uninten- tionally biased the history of computing toward the activi…

Page 16

Before the 1950s, the tasks that we associate today with computers were done by an array of special- ized machines. Mechanical desk calculators were used to perform arith- metic, and the people who did these calculations—often women—were called computers; this term did not yet refer to a machine. 4For business and government record keeping, there were electromechanical tabulators that sorted and tallied information that was stored on punched paper cards. Punched-card machines had been invented by Hermann Hollerith to tabulate the 1890 U.S. Census; in 1911, Hollerith’s firm became the core of a new company called IBM, which quickly dominated the busi- ness. 5Scientists sometimes did complex calculations using analog com- puters, which used physical motion, such as the rotation of a cylinder, to represent mathematical functions or model physical processes. Analog computers had been introduced in the 1930s, most notably the Differen- tial Analyzer invented by Vannevar Bush at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A general-purpose computer that could handle all of these diverse …

Page 21

Colossus was a boon to the Allies, allowing 13,508 messages to be de- coded by war’s end. The second Colossus machine was built in a rush to have ready in time for D-Day.

Page 25

On the other side of the Atlantic, the U.S. Army was exploring the use of machines to tackle a very different problem—ballistics calculations.

Page 25

The goal was to compute firing tables, which showed gunners how to aim their weapons to hit a target at a particular range. The calculations needed for such a table were complex. To create a single firing table required a month of continuous work for either the Differen- tial Analyzer or a team of a hundre…

Page 25

Like Colossus, the ENIAC used

Page 25

vacuum tubes—18,000 of them—to perform calculations, making it the first fully electronic computer in the United States (figure 1.2). To program the ENIAC, the army recruited a team of six women. The original pro- grammers were Jean Jennings (Bartik), Betty Snyder (Holberton), Fran- ces Bilas (Spence), Kay McNulty (Mauchly Antonelli), Marlyn Wescoff (Meltzer), and Ruth Lichterman (Teitelbaum). 17Several additional wom- en worked on the ENIAC after it was transferred to Aberdee…

Page 26

One of its major tasks while still at the Moore School was a set of calculations that modeled thermonuclear bombs in 1946.

Page 26

How did women come to staff the world’s first electronic digital com- puters, a seemingly masculine engineering domain? The short answer is that they were actively recruited during a time of urgent need and scarce male labor.

Page 27

But invoking wartime labor scarcity begs the question because labor scarcity is not a given fact, it is a social construction that depends on assumptions about what types of people are suitable to fill which types of positions. Other solutions to the problem of supplying both fighters and workers were certainly possible. Why not allow women to serve in combat so that men could keep their existing jobs? Why not recruit black men for skilled wartime jobs instead of confining them to the lowest- paid work? These alternatives would have been unappealing, even un- thinkable, to most political and business leaders (and women themselves) because the same cultural attitudes, priorities, and power relations that had excluded women and minorities from certain occupations before the war were still in pla…

Page 27

It is worth asking what made computer work seem possible and desirable for these women. In other words, what defined this type of work as a good opportunity rather than something unimaginable or unappealing?

Page 28

Women’s only involvement in building the ENIAC hardware was performing factory-like assembly of components.

Page 29

24On the other hand, operating and programming c ers could more easily be constructed as women’s work. Since the jobs of computer operator and programmer did not exist before the war, they were not already stereotyped as masculine.

Page 29

In the scientific world, women had been employed in large numbers to do calculations by hand. These human computers generally, although not always, had some training in mathematics, and it was from the ranks of such mathematically trained women that the ENIAC project drew its first corps of programmers.

Page 29

In the separate world of administrative data processing, women typically held the low-level job of key-punch operator (the person who punched holes in the paper cards used for input) or the slightly more ad- vanced job of tabulating machine operator (the person who loaded decks of cards into the machine and initiated its operation). The existence of female tabulator operators may have provided a precedent for employing women as computer operators at Bletchley Par…

Page 29

Unlike prior women’s work, such as hand calculations, programming and operating computers were completely new tasks with unknown demands. No one had ever operated an electronic digital computer before Colossus.

Page 33

A review of the Colossus and ENIAC projects reveals that in both cases, project leaders underestimated the level of training needed and skill exer- cised by their female staffs. But even though gender bias played a large role in shaping women’s responsibilities and rewards in the workplace, this role was mediated by the open-endedness of the technology itself. Computers were new and complex enough that the work of programming them could be organized in many possible ways and their personnel could extend the boundaries of their jobs to incorporate new ski…

Page 33

Despite all this preparation, the ENIAC women were not given any specific training in programming—a telling omission.

Page 35

Rather than having a clear image of programming as merely clerical, as some historians have argued, the ENIAC designers seem to have had only the vaguest notion of what programming might involve.

Page 35

…orry about those things later.” 44For the ENIAC women, the undefined nature of their job was challenging, but it also gave them the freedom to define program- ming—through their actions and achievements—as a wide-ranging and intellectually fulfilling task.

Page 35

Keeping the decoding process on track therefore depended on the Wrens’ mechanical ingenuity, and as Ireland noted, they keenly felt this responsibility: “That was a tricky operation, getting the tape to the right tension.

Page 36

The operators also had to devise methods for keeping the tapes in good repair, as Dorothy Du Boisson recalled: “Each tape . . . had to be joined into a loop. It was difficult to get the join right, and if we didn’t the tape might not stand up to the speed of the machine. After many experiments, we found that special glue, a warm clamp, and French chalk produced a good joint—the art was using just the right amount of glue.”

Page 36

To check whether the decoding was successful, the operator set switches on the front of the machine to program it to count the frequency of certain letters. These counts were printed out on a nearby typewriter. If the cryp- tographer chose the wrong wheel pattern, the results had no particular pattern of letter usage, but if the correct wheel pattern had been found, the output had a nonrandom pattern that was characteristic of the lan- guage being used (in this case, German military lan…

Page 36

To be a successful Colossus operator therefore required physical endur- ance, mechanical aptitude, attention to detail, and the ability to memorize codes and do mental arithmetic. Female operators were also entrusted with a certain amount of initiative.

Page 36

Despite the various physical and mental abilities that they employed, Wrens were not treated as skilled workers or expected to understand the logic behind the machine’s operations—at least at first.

Page 37

As noted above, the ENIAC women were offered no instruction in pro- gramming (indeed, no one was qualified to teach it), and no manuals were available until Adele Goldstine produced one in June 1946, well after the original programmers had trained themselves. 55The women learned by trial and error, discussing ideas among themselves with little more than engineering drawings to guide th…

Page 39

Designing programs for the ENIAC took considerable creativity, since every programming technique had to be worked out for the first time. The women made a number of innovations in programming methods. Betty Snyder is credited with inventing break points, a debugging tech- nique that involves stopping the machine in the middle of a program to check intermediate resu…

Page 41

The women also developed a system of programming notation that allowed them to visualize the multiple simultaneous opera- tions that the computer performed at each step of executing a program.

Page 41

The programmers also developed new methods in numerical analysis. 63For example, a fundamental concern in applied mathematics is that for many problems, the computer calculates an approximate rather than exact solution, which can lead to significant errors. The ENIAC women responded to this challenge by creating ex- perimental programs to generate knowledge about the magnitude of these errors and ways to minimize the…

Page 41

In addition to the various programming methods that the women in- vented, Snyder and Jennings created an important software product—the program to calculate ballistics trajectories, which had been the original goal of the ENIAC and would be the centerpiece of its public debut in 194…

Page 41

One common experience for the Colossus and ENIAC women was that neither group received public recognition for their work, either dur- ing the war or for many decades afterward.

Page 45

…ongoing struggles to define the nature of programming skill allow us to observe some of the ways in which the culture of com- puting is based on and contributes to structures of power and meaning in the wider society. Skill is a social construct: neither the skills required to do a job nor the skill possessed by an individual can be defined in purely objective terms. Although it is possible to identify physical, intellectual, or social abilities that are relevant to particular jobs, there is never only one way to define these requirements. Other abilities can be substituted, work processes can be reorganized, different tools can be used, and varying criteria can be applied to job performance. 7Given this flexibility, social judgments often determine which job-related capabilities are seen as nec- essary and which become optional or even invi…

Page 49

Since technical skill conveys p cluding prestige, access to well-paid employment, and the opportunity to shape the tools used by a whole society—the dominant groups in society tend to assert their “natural” superiority in these fields. In particular, tech- nical expertise has been an important component of masculine identity in Western cult…

Page 49

Although no reliable national figures exist for the years before 1960, an estimated 1,200 to 1,400 programmers were employed in the United States in the mid- 1950s. 11In 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau counted 13,000 “professional/ technical computer specialists,” and by 1970, this had soared to 163,000 programmers and 108,000 computer systems analysts and scientists—a twentyfold increase in one decade. Women accounted for 24.2 percent of these programmers (39,000) and 13.6 percent of analysts (15,000). 12Esti- mates for the United Kingdom range from the Economist’s figure of “about 6,500” programmers in 1967 to an industry expert’s approximation, for the same year, of 16,330 programmers and 10,160 analy…

Page 50

Another confusing variable was the scope of the programming task. Practitioners often divided the work of producing a program into two conceptual categories—systems analysis and programming.

Page 51

In the context of computing, however, systems analysis meant analyzing the problem that was to be tackled—whether a missile trajectory or a payroll—and specifying a general method of solution, including what types of information would be needed as input and output from the computer. Programming then meant the detailed design, writing, testing, and debugging of the actual computer code that would turn the input provided into the required output. Systems analysis was usually seen as having greater status than programming, and jobs for systems analysts usually offered higher salaries.

Page 51

Many installations employed programmer-analysts who handled the entire spectrum of tasks.

Page 52

…the need to find proxy measures for programming ability. It was simply not practical to observe a job applicant directly as he or she spent months creating a complex piece of software, so employers searched for other indicators that they hoped would correlate with coding skill.

Page 54

Thus the characterization of computers as an engineering tool, a mathematical device, or a business machine mattered greatly in constructing females as possessing the skills necessary for programming.

Page 63

The association of programming with math proved helpful to many women. Women were more likely to major in math than any other sci- ence, earning 27 percent of U.S. math B.A.s in 1960, 33 percent in 1966, and 37 percent in 1970. 66Women were also more likely than men to have entered programming with a math backgrou…

Page 64

To help make women feel welcome, female programmers and those urging their employment used metaphors that associated programming aptitude with more “feminine” pursuits such as knitting, music, and cooking, thus casting women’s participation in computing as natural and

Page 74

desirable. Some of these appeals to feminine ingenuity may have been attempts by employers to tap women’s labor potential without seriously challenging the dominant gender system that constructed technical com- petence as masculine.

Page 75

…m- puting Laboratory, where she began programming in the 1940s, also used needlework as a reference point for skill: “Nobody, of course, was trained in computers, so they were looking to hire people with certain character- istics, like if you played chess.

Page 76

As these comments illustrate, some experts asserted that women were even more suited to programming work than men. They attributed this to supposedly feminine personality traits or skills, such as patience and attention to detail.

Page 76

…a double ambiguity: (male) managers were unsure which intellectual capacities might be linked to gender, but they were also uncertain about which skills were actually required for program- ming. There was a temptation to reason backward: if women did well at programming, it must be because programming utilized stereotypically feminine skills such as patience and meticulo…

Page 77

A 1964 survey of “ tional Interests of Computer Programmers” noted “the prevalent belief in a relationship between programming and musical activity” and found modest statistical support for it.

Page 77

Laboratory argued in 1959 that employers should seek a greater diversity of talents among programmers: “It is undesirable to overemphasize the sciences and neglect the humanities and letters. Yet too often systems analysts and pro- grammers are regarded as recruitable exclusively from mathematicians, engineers, and the like. This is myopic. The computer world does and will require many skills among its peopl…

Page 78

…ents have been described in other histories of computing, this chapter pays particular attention to the multiple, contest- ed meanings of such terms as automation, crisis, and engineering to show how the ongoing debate over programming methods was also a s…

Page 82

to define the programmer’s professional and social identity.

Page 83

Programming innovations were not just technical milestones. They were also social commentary, because each new method reflected ideas about labor and gender.

Page 83

Grace Murray Hopper laid out one of the earliest descriptions of the new approach in her widely cited article “The Education of a Computer,” which she first presented at the May 1952 ACM national meeting. There Hopper boldly proclaimed, “It is the current aim to replace, as far as possible, the human brain by an electronic digital computer.”

Page 84

Wheeler, and Stanley Gill confessed as much in The P aration of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer (1951), which is widely considered to be the first programming textbook.

Page 85

The first programming languages, called machine languages, specified only the most basic hardware operations, such as copying the contents of a memory location to the machine’s adder or multiplier.

Page 85

One of the trickiest chores was handling floating- point operations.

Page 85

…the early improvements in programming methods—subroutines, compilers, and high-level languages—constituted a largely bottom-up movement by programmers themselves who wanted to achieve better results with less drudgery. Labor, rather than management, led the way.

Page 86

The earliest attempts to improve programming practice sought to re- duce coding time and errors by reusing portions of working programs, so that fewer pieces of code would have to be written and debugged from scratch. These reusable sections of code became known as subroutine…

Page 86

the Harvard computation lab during World War II, for example, Hopper and her colleagues kept a notebook of completed programs and copied sections of these programs for use in new programs.

Page 87

A series of incremental advances during the 1950s took programmers from using machine code plus subroutines to high-level languages that allow code to be written using English words or mathematical notation and that provide simple ways to specify the logical flow of a program. The earliest systems that provided programmers with a language other than machine code were pseudocodes, which resembled machine code but specified more complex actions than the machine’s hardware could actu- ally perform. A program written in pseudocode had to be interpreted by another program that would translate the code line by line into machine instructions, executing each instruction before moving on to the ne…

Page 87

In 1951, Hopper, then head of programming for UNIVAC, took a decisive step toward high-level languages with her most significant invention—the compiler. With the interpreter system, the pseudocode had to be reinter- preted each time that it was run—a painfully slow process on contem- porary machines. In contrast, Hopper’s new program, called A-0, would read through the pseudocode and compile the specified subroutines into a complete program in …

Page 87

For computer manufacturers and marketers, there was also a symbolic appeal. Unlike interpreters, the compiler created a program: the machine was “programming itself.” Hopper continued to refine her invention, and by 1953 her third compiler, A-2, was in tri…

Page 87

14A though FORTRAN made it possible to write programs much faster, it was really the quality of IBM’s FORTRAN compiler—which produced code as efficient as that written by hand—that won over programmers.

Page 88

Another important algebraic language, called ALGOL (Algorithmic Language), was conceived by a committee of European and American computer scientists in 1955, with the first specifications pub- lished in 1958. 16The first business programming language was created by Hopper in 1955. With her usual terseness, she called the new language B-0, but it was renamed FLOW-MATIC when Remington Rand released it to customers in 19…

Page 88

COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), which was developed in 1959 by a committee representing the U.S. government and the com- puter industry. It quickly became the standard for commercial data pro- cessing—partly because COBOL programs could run on any type of com- puter and partly because the U.S. Department of Defense (which wanted the ease of using a single language) insisted that all of its computer sup- pliers provide suppor…

Page 89

Women were unusually prominent in this movement, given their small percentage of the computing workforce.

Page 89

Snyder had created an important type of subroutine called a sort-merge genera- tor, which allowed the programmer to specify a set of input files and the type of sort and merge operations to perform and then generated machine code for performing the specified ac…

Page 89

Other female innovators included Adele Mildred Koss, also at Reming- ton Rand, who created the first editing generator. This produced code to format data for output to tape or printers, reducing the time that was needed for this task from weeks to minutes.

Page 89

Would programmers be deskilled, perhaps even replaced by their own users? Or would they be empowered? Gender was also part of this contested identity, since certain roles in the computing workplace were tied to the sex of the worker.

Page 90

Pen

Page 91

Pen

Page 91

Hopper’s vision had evolved by the time she spoke at the May 1954 Office of Navel Research Symposium on Automatic Programming for Digital Computers, an event that she helped organize. Here she decisively rejected the notion that the programmer would be replaced by a machine.

Page 92

36Such rhetoric portrayed programmers as the masters, not the victims, of automation, and the female-friendly field of software as every bit the equal of the masculine domain of engineering.

Page 93

…ms.” 41Of all the discourses surrounding automatic programming, these marketing efforts aimed at managers come the closest to invoking a classic labor-management con- flict, with automation leading to deskilling or unemployment of formerly skilled workers.

Page 94

Neither p nents nor opponents were primarily concerned with deskilling. In fact, some managers worried that compilers would require programmers to become more skilled. 46Rather than a serious goal, deskilling functioned more as a handy cultural trope that marketers could use to appeal to potential customers.

Page 94

Software production in the 1960s was challenging on many fronts. Pro- grammers struggled to make full use of a steady stream of hardware im- provements, such as a tenfold increase in memory size and speed between 1960 and 1965. 55The bulk of user applications shifted from the elegant simplicity of mathematical equations to the real-world messiness of busi- ness processes. Computer manufacturers were trying to develop a new type of software, operating systems, which were forbiddingly complex since they had to provide an interface between the computer and all of the other programs that were running on it. Larger projects often meant larger programming groups, creating coordination and communication issues on top of the technical ch…

Page 98

In the sections that follow, I argue that the word “engineering” should be seen a metaphor, not a simple description, and as only one of many possible models for programming.

Page 107

The computing literature of the 1960s is rife with competing metaphors, each of which was chosen to make a particular claim about the nature of programming. Some managers continued to view programming as a creative art or craft—and in a positive sense, rather than as a problem to be cured by imposing scientific rationality. 99In the academic community, computer science was often seen as a branch of mathematics, which had a higher intellectual status than engineering.

Page 107

Engineering had multiple connotations that could serve diverse agen- das. For people who were directly involved with software production, it could mean having a set of clearly specified, standard techniques that produced measurable results. An important early technique that was as- sociated with this idea of software engineering was structured program- ming, a concept articulated by Edsger W. Dijk…

Page 108

Douglas McIlroy of Bell Labs complained at Garmisch that the image of programming as an art or craft gave it a lower status than engineering: “We undoubtedly get the short end of the stick in confrontations with hardware people because they are the industrialists and we are the crofters.”

Page 109

120For academic researchers, the word engineering had a convenient ambiguity that could encompass both theoretical ab- stractions and practical tools.

Page 111

Women had not only helped create the compilers and high-level languages that provided a key tool for producing better code, they had also devoted their professional lives to me- diating between manufacturers, programmers, and users, a key goal of the conference. Their exclusion suggests that the new paradigm of program- ming as engineering brought with it unspoken ideas about which gender could best elevate the practice and status of pro…

Page 112

In this cultural context, the engineering metaphor could not be gender-neutral. Indeed, given the greater status assigned to masculine pursuits, it is conceivable that by choosing the engineering la- bel—and omitting women like Hopper—the Garmisch organizers and their followers were distancing themselves, consciously or not, from an earlier era when programming had been seen as “women’s work…

Page 112

Given this gendered status hierarchy, some practitioners—women as well as men—may have believed that programmers would rise in stature by adopting the title of engineer. An unintended consequence of this move may have been to make programming and computer science less inviting to women, helping to explain the historical puzzle of why women took a leading role in the first wave of software improvements but become much less visible in the software engineering era.

Page 113

Before the mid-1960s, there was no such thing as a software industry sell- ing standard, off-the-shelf applications. Instead, organizations that used computers had three main sources of software—their own programming staffs, outside contractors, and free software provided by computer man- ufac…

Page 127

But many companies, especially smaller businesses, could not afford a dedicated programming staff or simply preferred to outsource their software development. To meet this demand, a software contracting

Page 127

industry—also known as custom programming or programming servic- es—arose in the mid-1950s. These new companies contracted with gov- ernment or industry clients to produce one-of-a-kind programs that were tailored to the client’s specific needs.

Page 128

Elsie Shutt and Stephanie Shirley were early entrants into the industry. Shutt appears to have been the first woman to start a software business in the United States, and Shirley was probably the second in England, following Dina Vaughan.

Page 129

Shirley and Shutt did more than succeed as female entrepreneurs in a man’s world; they also radically rethought what a business could be. They challenged the business culture that refused to take mothers or part-time workers seriously, and they even questioned the fundamental purpose of running a commercial enterprise. The fact that these two women devel- oped such similar visions—even though they worked in different coun- tries and were unknown to each other until many years later—speaks to the common problems that were faced by women who tried to maintain professional careers as…

Page 136

The term computer science is attributed to Louis Fein, a consultant who wrote a widely read 1959 re- port on the state of computing education in U.S. universities.

Page 155

I mediately after World War II, the schools that built the first computers— the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Cambridge University—began offering semi- nars and hands-on classes to share knowledge about the new technology with researchers and advanced students. 14With financial support from government and industry, other universities adopted the computer as a research tool and then recruited computing experts (or potential experts) to help their faculty use the machine. 15Theory raced to catch up with practice, and computer science as a discipline emerged as an afterthou…

Page 155

The first computer science departments arose in parallel with a series of feminist milestones, such as Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963), the U.S. Equal Pay Act (1963), Title VII of the U.S. Civil Rights Act (1964), the founding of the National Organization of Women (NOW) (1966), the UK Equal Pay Act (1970), the beginning of Ms. magazine (1971), the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment by both houses of the U.S. Congress (1972) (although the amendment failed to be ratified by the states), and the UK Sex Discrimination Act (1975).

Page 159

Feminism became a resource that was available to women who wanted to transform and not just survive the culture of academic computing.

Page 159

Miller 2022

2025-08-20T18:53:35Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022. In this book I draw on arguments like these and the cyclical character- istics of media they begin to make visible. But I also cast them against In- digenous concepts of recorded knowledge, which provide a model for how to think about form both holistically and independent of narratives of pro- gression or development. Page 3 Dig..."

Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.

In this book I draw on arguments like these and the cyclical character- istics of media they begin to make visible. But I also cast them against In- digenous concepts of recorded knowledge, which provide a model for how to think about form both holistically and independent of narratives of pro- gression or development.

Page 3

Digital media, I argue, are usefully thought about with reference to these concepts, and in fact Indigenous views of recorded knowledge and orality can help us think more carefully about the charac- teristics and inheritances of digital formats.

Page 3

Thinking in terms of categorical distinctions among media makes it harder to perceive the full resonance and depth of expressive forms that work across media modalities, as well as the ways in which orality is carried forward and leveraged as part of both analog and electronic media.

Page 4

The persistence of orality and the interweaving of media forms combine in the work I examine and challenge audiences to participate in decolonial actions through language revitalization, supplementation (and in some cases rewriting) of a historical record marked by silences, recircula- tion and publication of texts, and other forms of engagement.

Page 4

Technically and conceptually, all were the same creative activity.” 3Unlike Europeans and others influenced by Western understandings of writing, Mayas did not distinguish painting from writing; both are semantically implied under the root verb tz’ib’.

Page 5

… roots, of their lives, and of their causes.” In Kaqchikel communities, one of the terms for poetry is “pach’un tzij” (“pach’um tziij” in K’iche’), which literally means the weaving of words. Media forms in Maya cultural production are thus understood fun-

Page 5

damentally as a set of overlapping, interwoven manifestations, as the concept of tz’ib’ indicates. Maya literary production is not limited to Greco-Latin al- phabetic script; Mayas have autochthonous cultural understandings of and approaches to writing and textuality.

Page 6

…tics of this mode of cul- tural production.” Worley and Palacios (2019b, 3–4) further explain that tz’ib’ should not be understood in binary opposition to Western understandings of writing, but rather as part of these multimodal forms of recorded knowledge…

Page 6

Like other Indigenous cultures in the Americas, Mayas did not conserve knowledge exclusively through writing, but also through a variety of media forms, including tex- tiles, paintings, ceramics, and performance.

Page 6

This act of transcrip- tion was situated within an awareness of its sociopolitical context, as an act of preservation and publicity, “bringing it to light.” That these Maya scribes sought to preserve the Popol Wuj through transcription in Greco-Latin al-

Page 7

phabetic script speaks to the tensions between orality and writing, as well as religiously motivated cross-cultural exchanges. Viewing the transcription of the Popol Wuj through the lens of the Maya notion of tz’ib’ provides opportu- nities to rethink previously accepted boundaries between forms, disciplines, and eras. This momentous transcription event provides a window into the relevance of Indigenous conceptions of orality and writing (tz’ib’) to media studies more broadly that is not limited to inscribed forms.

Page 8

For Gua- temalan Maya communities, orality involves the communication of cultural information over time; consequently, concepts of time and the cultivation of a collective knowledge are key in Guatemalan Indigenous definitions of orality.

Page 8

In K’iche’ and Kaqchikel, the root word “tzij” contributes to various idiomatic expressions surrounding orality, ranging from colloquial to formal discourses.

Page 9

83) notes, ojer tzij encompasses “pure words” or “ancient words,” and includes the Marqueño oral tradition. Since it is “the most ritualized and stylized category of speech forms, ojer tzij is constrained by both form and content.” Representative speech fo…

Page 9

Moving along the continuum from ojer tzij to more colloquial varieties of speech, we have what is known as choloj, which encompasses a variety of formalized speech categories used in everyday life.

Page 10

In my own Kaqchikel lessons, following our choloj we proceed to a more informal conversation, known as ch’owen in Kaqchikel, or ch’aaweem in K’iche’.

Page 13

In the cultural productions that I analyze in this book, we see a similar weaving together of conventions and forms of orality with those of recorded knowledge.

Page 14

This book brings digital Maya-authored texts into dialogue with other inscribed forms of cultural products by Maya authors and artists. Digital texts trouble the boundary between orality and print, similar to how the concept of tz’ib’ troubles Western understandings of writing by resisting strict boundaries between writing, painting, textiles, stone carvings, and other culturally significant Maya genres. Thinking outside such categorical distinctions allows us to develop a more nuanced view of agency, creative activity, and mediation—even as it does not preclude noticing and remarking upon the ways Maya artists occasionally depend on formal or media distinc- tions as a means of controlling access to their works. Formal and technolog- ical appropriation, after all, can be just as much an act of code-switching as linguistic appropriation, and, as we will see, wholesale adoption of digital technologies is not the only option; there are varying levels of nuance.

Page 18

…fore.” Without conceptualizing digital mediation within a broader context of Indig- enous epistemologies of creation and multiple means of creation, we are left with an incomplete understanding that does not take into account the ways in which the artists and authors who originally created these digital texts exert varying degrees of control over their representations of Indigenous iden…

Page 21

…ulaaj” becomes “uqul.” In all of these exam- ples, human and animal voices alike are mediated by “qulaj” in Kaqchikel, or “qulaaj” in K’iche’. The orality is embodied and becomes tangled up with the biological processes of the throat and the natural world.

Page 23

That orality and the speaker’s voice are mediated by the throat speaks to the complex interplay of the individual and the collective.

Page 23

Following this logic, communication is not a reproduction of dominant cultural ideals, but rather a constant negotiation of culture. The intended audience may appropriate media and communication technologies to pro- mote countercultural ideas that exist in tension with the dominant culture.

Page 24

…’ib’ does not signal the demise of orality as Ong (1982) would argue, but rather shows how mediation functions as a way of forwarding Maya orality, inspiring more spoken and embodied discourse and disseminating it beyond Guate- mala’s geopolitical borders.

Page 27

Out of strategic ne- cessity, they overcome differences that exist within the group in order to construct a collective identity, rather than basing it exclusively on any one of the particular Maya language groups, such as K’iche’ or Kaqchikel.

Page 30

Instead of underscoring characteristics that divide the group, Mayas highlight those that all of its sub- jects share, simplifying their identities to produce an “essence” with which everyone identifies.

Page 30

…we all must work toward being able to engage the primary texts in their original languages, rather than limiting our work to translations. Native and non-native speakers alike have a stake in this, and non-native speakers can and should make an effort to learn the languages that they research. This long has been the case for scholars conducting re- search in dominant languages like Spanish, so why should the standards be any lower for academics working in Indigenous languages? As experts in this field, we must reflect on our own academic formation and how, through the knowledge that we acquire and the work that we do, we each take our own individual steps towards dismantling the academic colonialism that has also historically played a role in marginalizing Indigenous languages and their speakers.

Page 42

Main Page

2025-08-20T18:53:11Z

Wtrettien: /* History of "New Media" */

This is an online commonplace book for [http://whitneyannetrettien.com Whitney Trettien]. You're welcome to use these notes and reading lists to guide you in your own studies. If you have any questions about your rights as a user, please review the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons license] which covers any original work produced herein.

== Projects ==

=== [[From Type to .txt]] ===

=== [[Jacquard loom woven book]] ===

=== [[Owen's cipher wheel and Baconians]] ===

=== [[Craftwork]] ===

=== [[prisons / libraries]] ===

=== [[redefining manuscript miscellanies]] ===

=== [[global printing]] ===

=== [[Frost Fair printing]] ===

=== [[Penal Press]] ===

=== [[Media Structures]] ===

=== [[Digital Book History]] ===

=== [[African/Black figures in books]] ===

=== [[Decolonial Book History]] ===

=== [[John Bagford]] ===

=== [[Humfrey Wanley]] ===

=== [[Edward Benlowes]] ===

=== [[Francis Quarles]] ===

=== [[Humphrey Moseley]] ===

=== [[Echoes of the Little Gidding Harmonies]] ===

=== [[thresholds]] ===

=== [[Feminist Book History]] ===

=== [[Areopagitica Archaeology]] ===

=== [[Becoming Plant]]: Nehemiah Grew & the "Media" of 17th-century Microscopy ===

=== [[Anatomical Flapbooks]] ===

=== [[Little Gidding]] ===

=== [[Isabella Whitney]] ===

=== [[Text/iles]] ===

=== [[Books of Scraps]] ===

=== [[Bibliographic Imaginaries]] ===

=== [[Digital Editing]] ===

=== [[Zine]] ===

=== [[Title pages]] ===

=== [[Radical Publishing]] ===

=== [[Total Archive]] ===

=== [[Facsimiles]] ===

=== [[Reprographics]] ===

=== [[Digital Textual Weirdness]] ===

== Notes ==

:[[Haraway 1986|Haraway, Donna. "A Cyborg Manifesto."]]

:[[Haraway 1994|Haraway, Donna. "A Game of Cat's Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies." ''Configurations'' 2.1 (1994): 59-71.]]

:[[Hartman 2019|Hartman, Saidiya. ''Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals.'' Norton, 2019.]]

:[[Benjamin 1999|Benjamin, Walter. ''The Arcades Project.'' Trans. by Howard Eland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Barber 1994|Barber, Elizabeth Wayland. ''Women's Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth and Society in Early Times.'' New York: Norton, 1994.]]

:[[Campt 2017|Campt, Tina. ''Listening to Images.'' (Durham: Duke UP, 2017).]]

:[[Dunne and Raby 2013|Dunne, Anthony and Fiona Raby. ''Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2013.]]

:[[Fulton 2010|Fulton, Thomas. ''Historical Milton: Manuscript, Print, and Political Culture in Revolutionary England.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Pres, 2010.]]

:[[Gumbrecht and Marrinan 2003|Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich and Michael Marrinan. ''Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003.]]

:[[Hämäläinen 2022|Hämäläinen, Pekka. ''Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America.'' Norton, 2022.]]

:[[Jones 1975|Jones, Gayl. ''Corregidora.'']]

:[[Muñoz 1999|Muñoz, José Estaban. ''Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.]]

:[[Sedgwick 2003|Sedgwick, Eve. ''Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

:[[Smith 2001|Smith, D. Vance. ''The Book of the Incipit: Beginnings in the Fourteenth Century.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.]]

:[[Tronzo 2009|Tronzo, William, ed. ''The Fragment: An Incomplete History.'' Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2009.]]

=== Prison History / Prison Labor / Carceral Studies ===

:[[Alexander 2010|Alexander, Michelle. ''The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.'' New York: New Press, 2010.]]

:[[Baird 1967|Baird, Russell N. ''The Penal Press.'' Northwestern University Press, 1967.]]

:[[Bernstein 2024|Bernstein, Robin. ''Freeman’s Challenge : The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit.'' University of Chicago Press, 2024.]]

:[[Blackmon 2009|Blackmon, Douglas. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II.'' New York: Random House, 2009.]]

:[[Coulter 1935|Coulter, Isabella Kellock. ''Prison Journals in National and State Penal and Correctional Institutions in the United States.'' MA thesis. 1935.]]

:[[Fleetwood 2020|Fleetwood, Nicole R. ''Marking Time: Art in the Age of Mass Incarceration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hirsch 1992|Hirsch, Adam Jay. ''The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America.'' Yale University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Ignatieff 1978|Ignatieff, Michael. ''A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution 1750-1850.'' Columbia University Press, 1978.]]

:[[Kaun and Stiernstedt 2023|Kaun, Anne and Fredrik Stiernstedt. ''Prison Media: Incarceration and the Infrastructures of Work and Technology.'' MIT Press, 2023.]]

:[[Manion 2015|Manion, Jen. ''Liberty's Prisoners: Carceral Culture in Early America.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Meranze 2012|Meranze, Michael. ''Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2012.]]

:[[McLennan 2008|McLennan, Rebecca. ''The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776-1941.'' Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Rothman 2002|Rothman, David. ''Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America'', rev. ed. Aldine de Gruyter, 2002.]]

:[[Rubin 2021|Rubin, Ashley T. ''The Deviant Prison: Philadelphia's Eastern State Penitentiary and the Origins of America's Modern Penal System, 1829-1913.'' New York: Cambridge UP, 2021.]]

:[[Schorb 2014|Schorb, Jodi. ''Reading Prisoners: Literature, Literacy, and the Transformation of American Punishment, 1700–1845''. Rutgers University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Caleb. ''The Prison and the American Imagination.'' Yale University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Sweeney 2010|Sweeney, Megan. ''Reading is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women’s Prisons.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.]]

=== Memoirs ===

:[[Hong 2020|Hong, Cathy Park. ''Minor Feelings: An Asian American Reckoning.'' New York: On World, 2020.]]

:[[Hsu 2022|Hsu, Hua. ''Stay True: A Memoir.'' Doubleday, 2022.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One.'' https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe]]

=== Philology ===

:[[Rethinking Philology, Florilegium (2015)]]

:[[Vismann 2001|Vismann, Cornelia. "The Love of Ruins." Perspectives on Science 9.2 (2001): 196-209.]]

=== Avant-Garde / Artists' Books ===

:[[Arnar 2011|Arnar, Anna Sigrídur. ''The Book as instrument: Stéphane Mallarmé, The Artist's Book, and the Transformation of Print Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ball 1996|Ball, Hugo. ''Flight Out of Time: A Dada Diary.'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.]]

:[[Biro 2009]]

:[[Bloch 2017|Bloch, R. Howard. ''One Toss of the Dice: The Incredible Story of How a Poem Made Us Modern.'' New York: W. W. Norton, 2017.]]

:[[Castleman 1994|Castleman, Riva. ''A Century of Artists Books.'' Museum of Modern Art, 1994.]]

:[[Max Ernst's collage novels]]

:Fluxus Digital Archive: http://thestudio.uiowa.edu/fluxus/

:[[Macken 2018|Macken, Marian. ''Binding Space: The Book as Spatial Practice.'' Routledge, 2018.]]

:Niebisch, Arndt. ''Media Parasites in the Early Avant-Garde: On the Abuse of Technology and Communication.''

:[[Rainwater 1986|Rainwater, Robert, ed. ''Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism.'' New York Public Library, 1986.]]

:[[Rasula 2015|Rasula, Jed. ''Destruction was my Beatrice: Dada and the Unmaking of the Twentieth Century.'' New York: Basic Books, 2015.]]

:[[Rowell and Wye 2002|Rowell, Margit and Deborah Wye. ''the Russian Avant-Garde Book, 1910-1934.'' MoMA, 2002.]]

:[[Saper 2016|Saper, Craig. ''The Amazing Adventures of Bob Brown: A Real-Life Zelig Who Wrote His Way Through the 20th Century.'' New York: Fordham University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Wark 2011|Wark, McKenzie. ''The Beach Beneath the Street: The Everyday Life and Glorious Times of the Situationist International.'' London: Verso, 2011.]]

=== On History ===

:[[Bal 2008|Bal, Mieke. ''Loving Yusuf: Conceptual Travels from Past to Present.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Brown 1996|Brown, Kate. "The Eclipse of History: Japanese America and a Treasure Chest of Forgetting." (1996)]]

:[[Burton 2005|Burton, Antoinette, ed. ''Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2005.]]

:[[Christian 2004|Christian, David. ''Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.]]

:[[Dinshaw 2012|Dinshaw, Carolyn. ''How Soon Is Now? Medieval Texts, Amateur Readers, and the Queerness of Time.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Ferguson 1999|Ferguson, Niall, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals.'' New York: Basic Books, 1999.]]

:[[Guldi and Armitage 2014|Guldi, Jo and David Armitage. ''The History Manifesto.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Lowy 2005|Lowy, Michael. ''Fire Alarm: Reading Walter Benjamin's 'On the Concept of History'.'' Trans. by Chris Turner. New York: Verso, 2005.]]

:[[Hamilton et al. 2002|Hamilton, Carolyn et al., eds. ''Refiguring the Archive.'' Springer, 2002.]]

:[[de Grazia 2010|de Grazia, Margreta. "Anachronism." In ''Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.'' Ed. by James Simpson and Brian Cummings. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

:[[Nagel and Wood 2010|Nagel, Alexander and Christoper S. Wood. ''Anachronic Renaissance.'' New York: Zone Books, 2010.]] -- '''anachronism'''

=== Historiography & Antiquarianism ===

:[[Hindman and Rowe 2001|Hindman, Sandra and Nina Rowe, eds. ''Manuscript Illumination in the Modern Age: Recovery and Reconstruction.'' Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, 2001.]]

:[[Parry 1995|Parry, Graham. ''Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.]]

:[[Woolf 2000|Woolf, D. R. ''Reading History in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

=== Archives ===

:[[The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive (2015)|''The Question of Recovery: Slavery, Freedom, and the Archive'', special issue of ''Social Text'' 33.4 (2015).]]

:[[''Archives That Matter'' (2019)|''Archives That Matter'', special issue of ''NTIK'', eds. Daniela Agostinho, Katrine Dirckinck-Holmfeld, Karen Louisa Grova Søilen 8.2 (2019).]]

:[[Blouin and Rosenberg 2007|Blouin, Francis X. and William G. Rosenberg, eds., ''Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.]]

:[[Richards 1993|Richards, Thomas. ''The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and the Fantasy of Empire.'' London: Verso, 1993.]]

=== Book Arts ===

:[[Bodman and Sowden 2010|Bodman, Sarah and Tom Sowden, ‘’Manifesto for the Book’’ (Bristol: Impact Press, 2010)]]

:[[Piepmeier 2009|Piepmeier, Alison. ''Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism.'' New York: NYU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stewart 2011|Stewart, Garrett. ''Bookwork: Medium to Object to Concept to Art.'' Chicago: University fo Chicago Press, 2011.]]

=== Shakespeare ===

:[[Chedgzoy 2001|Chedgzoy, Kate, ed. ''Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender.'' New York, Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Egan 2010b|Egan, Gabriel. ''The Struggle for Shakespeare's Text: Twentieth-Century Editorial Theory and Practice.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010.]]

:[[Erne 2013|Erne, Lukas. ''Shakespeare and the Book Trade.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

:[[Galey 2014|Galey, Alan. ''The Shakespearean Archive: Experiments in New Media from the Renaissance to Postmodernity.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014.]]

:[[Kastan 1999|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare After Theory.'' Routledge, 1999.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Marcus 1988|Marcus, Leah. ''Puzzling Shakespeare: Local Reading and its Discontents.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.]]

:[[Marshall 2012|Marshall, Gail, ed. ''Shakespeare in the Nineteenth Century.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.]]

:[[McMullan, Orlin and Vaughan 2013|McMullan, Gordon, Lena Cowen Orlin, and Virginia Mason Vaughan, eds. ''Women Making Shakespeare: Text, Reception and Performance.'' London: Bloomsbury, 2013.]]

:[[Thompson and Roberts 1997|Thompson, Ann and Sasha Roberts, eds. ''Women Reading Shakespeare, 1660-1900: An Anthology of Criticism.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Werstine 2013|Werstine, Paul. ''Early Modern Playhouse Manuscripts and the Editing of Shakespeare.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2013.]]

=== Race / Early Modern ===

:[[Callaghan 2000|Callaghan, Dympna. ''Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage.'' New York: Rutledge, 2000.]]

:[[Erickson and Hulse 2000|Erickson, Peter and Clark Hulse, eds. ''Early Modern Visual Culture: Representation, Race, and Empire in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.]]

:[[Feerick 2010|Feerick, Jean E. ''Strangers in Blood: Relocating Race in the Renaissance.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.]]

:[[Habib 2008|Habib, Imtiaz. ''Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500-1677.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2008.]]

:[[Macdonald 2002|Macdonald, Joyce Green. ''Women and Race in Early Modern Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.]]

:[[Spiller 2011|Spiller, Elizabeth. ''Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.]]

=== Sexuality / Early Modern ===

:[[Bray 1982|Bray, Alan. ''Homosexuality in Renaissance England.'' New York: Columbia University Press, 1995 [1982].]]

:[[Bredbeck 1991|Bredbeck, Gregory. ''Sodomy and Interpretaion: Marlowe to Milton.'' Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1991.]]

:[[Goldberg 1992|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992.]]

:[[Goldberg 1994|Goldberg, Jonathan, ed. ''Queering the Renaissance.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1994.]]

:[[Stewart 1997|Stewart, Alan. ''Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England.'' Princeton: Princeton UP, 1997.]]

:[[Rambuss 1998|Rambuss, Richard. ''Closet Devotions.'' Durham: Duke UP, 1998.]]

=== Gender / Early Modern ===

:[[Beilin 1987|Beilin, Elaine. ''Redeeming Eve: Women Writers of the English Renaissance.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Burke and Gibson 2004|Burke, Victoria E. and Jonathan Gibson. ''Early Modern Women's Manuscript Writing. Selected Papers from the Trinity/Trent Colloquium.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2004.]]

:[[Burke et al. 2000|Burke, Mary E., Jane Donawerth, Linda L. Dove, and Karen Nelson. ''Women, Writing, and the Reproduction of Culture in Tudor and Stuart Britain.'' Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Cahn 1987|Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England, 1500-1660. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.]]

:[[Clarke 2001|Clarke, Danielle. ''The Politics of Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.]]

:[[Coles 2008|Coles, Kimberly Anne. ''Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Cope 1992|Cope, Esther S. ''Handmaid of the Holy Spirit: Dame Eleanore Davies, Never Soe Mad a Ladie.'' Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1992.]]

:[[Crawford 2014|Crawford, Julie. ''Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014.]]

:[[D'Monte and Pohl 2000|D'Monte, Rebecca and Nicole Pohl, eds. ''Female Communities 1600-1800: Literary Visions and Cultural Realities.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.]]

:[[Frye 2010|Frye, Susan. ''Pens and Needles: Women's Textualities in Early Modern England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.]]

:[[Frye and Robertson 1999|Frye, Susan and Karen Robertson, eds. 'Maids and Mistresses, cousins and Queens: Women's Alliances in Early Modern England.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hannay 2010|Hannay, Margaret P. ''Mary Sidney, Lady Wroth.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Hull 1982|Hull, Suzanne W. ''Chaste, Silent & Obedient:English Books for Women 1475-1640.'' San Marino: Huntington Library, 1982.]]

:[[Jones 1990|Jones, Ann Rosalind. ''The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric, 1540-1620.'' Bloomington: University of Illinois Press, 1990.]]

:[[Korda 2011|Korda, Natasha. ''Labors Lost: Women's Work and the Early Modern English Stage.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Lange 2011|Lange, Ann Margaret. ''Writing the Way Out: Inheritance and Appropriation in Aemilia Lanyer, Isabella Whitney, Mary (Sidney) Herbert and Mary Wroth.'' New York: Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Lewalski 1993|Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. ''Writing Women in Jacobean England.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

:[[McGrath 2002|McGrath, Lynette. ''Subjectivity and Women's Poetry in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2002.]]

:[[Moncrief and McPherson 2011|Moncrief, Kathryn M. and Kathryn R. McPherson, eds. ''Performing Pedagogy in Early Modern England: Gender, Instruction, and Performance.'' Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Pacheco 2002|Pacheco, Anita, ed. ''A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing.'' Blackwell, 2002.]]

:[[Quilligan 2005|Quilligan, Maureen. ''Incest and Agency in Elizabeth's England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.]]

:[[Schleiner 1994|Schleiner, Louise. ''Tudor and Stuart Women Writers.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Smith 2012|Smith, Helen. '''Grossly Material Things': Women and Book Production in Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.]]

:[[Summers and Pebworth 1997|Summers, Claude J. and Ted-Larry Pebworth, eds. ''Representing Women in Renaissance England.'' Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1997.]]

:[[Traub 2015|Traub, Valerie. ''Thinking Sex with the Early Moderns.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[White 2011|White, Micheline, ed. ''English Women, Religion, and Textual Production, 1500-1625.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2011.]]

:[[Whitehead 1999|Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. ''Women's Education in Early Modern Europe: A History 1500-1800.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1999.]]

=== Early Modern ===

:[[Baker 2009|Baker, David J. ''On Demand: Writing for the Market in Early Modern England.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bardle 2012|Bardle, Stephen. ''The Literary Underground in the 1660s: Andrew Marvell, George Wither, Ralph Wallis, and the World of Restoration Satire and Pamphleteering.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[de Grazia 1991|de Grazia, Margreta. ''Shakespeare Verbatim: The Reproduction of Authenticity and the 1790 Apparatus.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.]]

:[[Dimmock and Hadfield 2009|Dimmock, Matthew and Andrew Hadfield, eds. ''Literature and Popular Culture in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Fumerton 1991|Fumerton, Patricia ''Cultural Aesthetics: Renaissance Literature and Practice of Social Ornament.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.]]

:[[Hunter 2010|Hunter, Michael, ed. ''Printed Images in Early Modern Britain: Essays in Interpretation.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Johnson 2014|Johnson, Kimberly. ''Made Flesh: Sacrament and Poetics in Post-Reformation England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.]]

:[[Kalas 2007|Kalas, Rayna. ''Frame, Glass, Verse: The Technology of Poetic Invention in the English Renaissance.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.]]

:[[King 1989|King, John. ''Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in the Age of Religious Crisis.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Kuchar 2008|Kuchar, Gary. ''The Poetry of Religious Sorrow in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Lake 2002|Lake, Peter with Michael Questier. ''The AntiChrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.]]

:[[Marotti 1986|Marotti, Arthur F. ''John Donne, Coterie Poet.'' Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.]]

:[[Otis 2024|Otis, Jessica Marie. ''By the Numbers: Numeracy, Religion, and the Quantitative Transformation of Early Modern England.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Sharpe 2000|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Remapping Early Modern England: The Culture of Seventeenth-Century Politics.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.]]

:[[Sharpe 2010|Sharpe, Kevin. ''Image Wars: Promoting Kins and Commonwealths in England 1603-1660.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Shell 1999|Shell, Alison. ''Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558-1660.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Targoff 2001|Targoff, Ramie. ''Common Prayer: The Language of Public Devotion in Early Modern England.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.]]

:[[Wilcox 2014|Wilcox, Helen. ''1611: Authority, Gender, and the Word in Early Modern England.'' West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.]]

:[[Woudhuysen 1996|Woudhuysen, H. K. ''Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 1558–1640.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.]]

=== Gender / Tech ===

:[[Abbate 2012|Abbate, Janet. ''Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2012.]]

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Galvan 2010|Galvan, Jill. ''The Sympathetic Medium: Feminine Channeling, the Occult, and Communication Technologies, 1859-1919.'' Cornell UP, 2010.]]

:[[Hicks 2017|Hicks, Mar. ''Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost its Edge in Computing.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

:[[Hill 2016|Hill, Erin. ''Never Done: A History of Women's Work in Media Production.'' Rutgers UP, 2016.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kember 2016|Kember, Sarah. ''iMedia: The Gendering of Objects, Environments and Smart Materials.'' New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2016.]]

:[[Losh 2018|Losh, Elizabeth. "Home inspection: Mina Rees and national computing infrastructure." ''First Monday'' (2018): https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/8282]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Plant 1997|Plant, Sadie. ''Zeroes and Ones: Digital Women and the New Technoculture.'' Harper Collins, 1997.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

=== 19th Century Media & Technology ===

:[[Colligan and Linley 2011|Colligan, Colette and Margaret Linley, eds. ''Media, Technology, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century: Image, Sound, Touch.'' Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2011.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|James Essinger, ''Jacquard's Web: How a hand loom led to the birth of the information age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fyfe 2024|Fyfe, Paul. ''Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities.'' Stanford UP, 2024.]]

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Greene 2022|Greene, Elizabeth B. ''Artifacts from Nineteenth-Century America.'' Greenwood, 2022.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Jepsen 2000|Jepsen, Thomas C. ''My Sisters Telegraphic: Women in the Telegraph Office, 1846–1950.'' Ohio University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Kieve 1973|Kieve, Jeffrey. ''Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History.'' David & Charles, 1973.]]

:[[Martin 1991|Martin, Michèle. ''Hello, Central?: Gender, Technology, and Culture in the Formation of Telephone Systems.'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Marvin 1990|Marvin, Carolyn. ''When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking About Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century.'' Oxford University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Menke 2019|Menke, Richard. ''Literature, Print Culture, and Media Technologies, 1880–1900: Many Inventions''. Cambridge University Press, 2019.]]

:[[Stephenson 1996|Stephenson, Neal. "Mother Earth, Mother Board." ''Wired" 1 December 1996.]]

:[[Weller 2009|Weller, Toni. ''The Victorians and Information: A Social and Cultural History.'' VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2009.]]

=== History of "New Media" ===

:[[Park, Jankowski and Jones 2011|Park, David W., Nicholas W. Jankowski, and Steve Jones, eds. ''The Long History of New Media: Technology, Historiography, and Contextualizing Newness.'' Peter Lang, 2011.]]

:[[Miller 2022|Miller, Tiffany. ''The Maya Art of Speaking Writing: Remediating Indigenous Orality in the Digital Age.'' University of Arizona Press, 2022.]]

=== History of Computing / Information ===

:[[Beniger 1986|Beniger, James. ''The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society.'' Harvard UP, 1986.]]

:[[Blum 2012|Blum, Andrew. ''Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet.'' Ecco, 2012.]]

:[[Duguid 2015|Duguid, Paul. "The Ageing of Information: From Particular to Particulate." ''Journal of the History of Ideas.'' 76.3 (2015): 347-68.]]

:[[Essinger 2004|Essinger, Essinger. ''Jacquard's Web: How a Hand Loom led to the Birth of the Information Age.'' Oxford UP, 2004.]]

:[[Fagone 2017|Fagone, Jason. ''The Woman Who Smashed Codes.'' 2017.]]

:[[Haigh and Ceruzzi 2021|Haigh, Thomas and Paul Ceruzzi. ''A New History of Modern Computing.'' Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[Headrick 2000|Headrick, Daniel R. ''When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850.'' Oxford UP, 2000.]]

:[[Heide 2009|Heide, Lars. ''Punched-Card Systems and the Early Information Explosion, 1880-1945.'' Baltimore: JHU Press, 2009.]]

:[[Mullaney 2017|Mullaney, Thomas S. ''The Chinese Typewriter: A History.'' MIT Press, 2017.]]

=== Bibliography ===

:[[Belanger 1977|Belanger, Terry. "Descriptive Bibliography." ''Book Collecting: A Modern Guide.'' Ed. Jean Peters. New York: R. R. Bowker Co., 1977. 97-115.]]

:[[Bowers 1949|Bowers, Fredson. ''Principles of Bibliographical Description.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.]]

:[[Gaskell 1972|Gaskell, Philip. ''A New Introduction to Bibliography.'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1972.]]

:[[Greg 1932|Greg, W. W. "Bibliography -- An Apologia." ''The Library.'' 8.2 (September 1932): 113-143.]]

:[[McKenzie 2002|McKenzie, D. F. "Printers of the Mind." ''Making Meaning.'' Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002.]]

:[[McKenzie 1986|McKenzie, D. F. ''Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts.'' London: British Library, 1986.]]

=== Editing and Textual Criticism ===

:[[Berger and Maguire 1998|Berger, Thomas L. and Laurie E. Maguire, eds. ''Textual Formations and Reformations.'' Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1998.]]

:[[Bornstein and Williams 1993|Bornstein, George and Ralph G. Williams, eds. ''Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.]]

:[[Dane 1998|Dane, Joseph A. ''Who is Buried in Chaucer's Tomb? Studies in the Reception of Chaucer's Book.'' East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998.]]

:[[Deegan and Sutherland 2009|Deegan, Marilyn and Kathryn Sutherland, eds. ''Text Editing, Print and the Digital World.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2009.]]

:[[Driscoll and Pierazzo 2016|Driscoll, Matthew James and Elena Pierazzo, eds. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories and Practices.'' Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2016.]]

:[[Egan 2010|Egan, Gabriel, ed. ''Electronic Publishing: Politics and Pragmatics.'' Tempe, AR:ACMRS, 2010.]]

:[[Eggert 2009|Eggert, Paul. ''Securing the Past: Conservation in Art, Architecture and Literature.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Greetham 1994|Greetham, D. C. ''Textual Scholarship: An Introduction.'' New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.]]

:[[Greetham 1999|Greetham, D. C. ''Theories of the Text.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Hurley and Goodblatt 2009|Hurley, Ann Hollinshead and Chanita Goodblatt, ed. ''Women Editing/Editing Women: Early Modern Women Writers and the New Textualism.'' Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.]]

:[[Kastan 2001|Kastan, David Scott. ''Shakespeare and the Book.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[McGann 1991|McGann, Jerome. ''The Textual Condition.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.]]

:[[McGann 2014|McGann, Jerome. ''A New Republic of Letters: Memory and Scholarship in the Age of Digital Reproduction.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[McLeod 1994|McLeod, Randall M., ed. ''Crisis in Editing: Texts of the English Renaissance.'' Papers given at the twenty-fourth annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 4-5 November 1988. New York: AMS Press, 1994.]]

:[[Murphy 2003|Murphy, Andrew. ''Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[Nelson and Terras 2012|Nelson, Brent and Melissa Terras, eds. ''Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture.'' Tempe: Iter, 2012.]]

:[[Pierazzo 2015|Pierazzo, Elena. ''Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2015.]]

:[[Ross and Salzman 2016|Ross, Sarah C. E. And Paul Salzman. ''Editing Early Modern Women.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2016.]]

:[[Shillingsburg 2006|Shillingsburg, Peter. ''From Gutenberg to Google: Electronic Representations of Literary Texts.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006.]]

:[[Tanselle 1992|Tanselle, Thomas. ''A Rationale of Textual Criticism.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.]]

:[[Tanselle 1998|Tanselle, G. Thomas. ''Literature and Artifacts.'' Charlottesville: The bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1998.]]

=== Substrates (Paper, Parchment, Papyrus, Bamboo slips) ===

:[[Bloom 2001|Bloom, Jonathan. ''Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Da Rold 2020|Da Rold, Orietta. ''Paper in Medieval England: From Pulp to Fictions." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.]]

:[[Hills 1988|Hills, Richard L. ''Papermaking in Britain, 1488-1988: A Short History.'' London: Athlone Press, 1988.]]

:[[Senchyne 2020|Senchyne, Jonathan. ''The Intimacy of Paper in Early and Nineteenth-Century American Literature.'' Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2020.]]

=== Book History ===

:[[Adams and Barker 1993|Adams, Thomas R. and Nicolas Barker. "A New Model for the Study of the Book." ''A Potencie of Life: Books in Society.'' Ed. Nicolas Barker. London: British Library, 1993. 5-43.]]

:[[Anderson and Sauer 2002|Anderson, Jennifer and Elizabeth Sauer, ed. ''Books and Readers in Early Modern England: Material Studies.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.]]

:[[Bahr 2013|Bahr, Arthur. ''Fragments and Assemblages: Forming Compilations of Medieval London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Baron et al. 2007|Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin. ''Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth Eisenstein.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.]]

:[[Bender and Marrinan 2010|Bender, John and Michael Marrinan. ''The Culture of Diagram.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Black and Hoare 2008|Black, Alistair and Peter Hoare, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2008.]]

:[[Bourdieu 2002|Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Field of Cultural Production." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 77-99.]]

:[[Brake 2001|Brake, Laurel. ''Print in Transition, 1850-1910: Studies in Media and Book History.'' Palgrave, 2001.]]

:[[Brayman Lander and Lesser 2016|Brayman, Heidi, Jesse M. Lander, and Zachary Lesser, eds. ''The Book in History, The Book as History: New Intersections of the Material Text.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Casson 2001|Casson, Lionel. ''Libraries in the Ancient World.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Chartier 1994|Chartier, Roger. ''The Order of Books: Readers, Authors, and Libraries in Europe between the Fourteenth and Eighteenth Centuries.'' Trans. by Lydia G. Cochrane. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Chartier 1995|Chartier, Roger. ''Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995.]]

:[[Chen 2020|Chen, Amy Hildreth. ''Placing Papers: The American Literary Archives Market.'' University of Massachusetts Press, 2021.]]

:[[Cohen, Matt 2009|Cohen, Matt. ''The Networked Wilderness: Communicating in Early New England. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Dane 2013|Dane, Joseph. ''Blind Impressions: Methods and Mythologies in Book History.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.]]

:[[Darnton 2002|Darnton, Robert. "What is the History of Books?" ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 9-26.]]

:[[Davidson 2004|Davidson, Cathy. ''Revolution and the Word: The Rise of the Novel in America.'' Expanded ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Echard 2008|Echard, Siân. ''Printing the Middle Ages.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Eckhardt 2009|Eckhardt, Joshua. ''Manuscript Verse Collectors and the Politics of Anti-Courtly Love Poetry.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009.]]

:[[Eckhardt and Smith 2014|Eckhardt, Joshua and Daniel Starza Smith, eds. ''Manuscript Miscellanies in Early Modern England.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2014.]]

:[[Eisenstein 1983|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.]]

:[[Eisenstein 2011|Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. ''Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.]]

:[[Ezell 1999|Ezell, Margaret J. M. ''Social Authorship and the Advent of Print.'' Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Foot 1998|Foot, Mirjam. ''The History of Bookbinding as a Mirror of Society.'' London: The British Library, 1998.]]

:[[Fraser 2008|Fraser, Robert. ''Book History Through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script.'' New York: Routledge, 2008.]]

:[[Galey 2012|Galey, Alan. "The Enkindling Reciter: E-Books in the Bibliographical Imagination." ''Book History'' 15.1 (2012): 210-247.]]

:[[Genette 1997|Genette, Gerard. ''Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation.'' Trans. by Jane E. Lewin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.]]

:[[Ginzburg 1980|Ginzburg, Carlo. ''The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller.'' Trans. by John and Anne Tedeschi. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.]]

:[[Grafton 1980|Grafton, Anthony T. "The Importance of Being Printed." ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 11.2 (Autumn 1980): 265-286.]]

:[[Green and Stallybrass 2006|Green, James N. and Peter Stallybrass. ''Benjamin Franklin: Writer and Printer.'' New Castle: Oak Knoll Press, 2006.]]

:[[Jackson 2005|Jackson, Virginia. ''Dickinson's Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Johns 1998|Johns, Adrian. ''The Nature of the Book.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998.]]

:[[Johnson 2009|Johnson, William A. "The Ancient Book." ''The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology.'' Ed. Roger S. Bagnell. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnson and Parker 2009|Johnson, William A. and Hold N. Park, eds. ''Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Johnston and Van Dussen 2015|Johnston, Michael and Michael van Dussen, eds. ''The Medieval Manuscript Book: Cultural Approaches.'' Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2015.]]

:[[Kalas 2000|Kalas, Rayna. "The Language of Framing." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 2000 (28): 241-7.]]

:[[King 2010|King, John, ed. ''Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Kornicki 1998|Kornicki, Peter. ''The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century.'' Leiden: Brill, 1998.]]

:[[Lupton 2012|Lupton, Christina. ''Knowing Books: The Consciousness of Mediation in Eighteenth-Century Britain.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.]]

:[[Lynch 2015|Lynch, Deidre. ''Loving Literature: A Cultural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Mak 2011|Mak, Bonnie. ''How the Page Matters.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2011.]]

:[[Marotti 1995|Marotti, Arthur F. ''Manuscript, Print, and the English Renaissance Lyric.'' Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[McGill 2003|McGill, Meredith L. ''American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834-1853.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.]]

:[[McKitterick 2003|McKitterick, David. ''Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.]]

:[[McLean 1972|McLean, Ruari. ''Victorian Book Design and Colour Printing.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.]]

:[[Nordenfalk 1976|Nordenfalk, Carl. ''Color of the Middle Ages: A Survey of Book Illumination Based on Color Facsimiles of Medieval Manuscripts.'' Pittsburgh: University Art Gallery, 1976.]]

:[[Petroski 1999|Petroski, Henry. ''The Book on the Bookshelf.'' New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.]]

:[[Piper 2009|Piper, Andrew. ''Dreaming in Books.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Piper 2012|Piper, Andrew. ''Book Was There: Reading in Electronic Times.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Raven 2014|Raven, James. ''Bookscape: Geographies of Printing and Publishing in London before 1800.'' London: The British Library, 2014.]]

:[[Richards and Schurink 2010|"The Textuality and Materiality of Reading in Early Modern England." Edited by Jennifer Richards and Fred Schurink. ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' 73.3 (September 2010).]]

:[[Rhodes and Sawday 2000|Rhodes, Neil and Jonathan Sawday, eds. ''The Renaissance Computer: Knowledge Technology in the First Age of Print.'' New York: Routledge, 2000.]]

:[[Rubery 2016|Rubery, Matthew. ''The Untold Story of the Talking Book.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016.]]

:[[Silverman 2008|Silverman, Willa Z. ''The New BibliopolisL: French Book Collectors and the Culture of Print, 1880-1914.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.]]

:[[Siskin and Warner 2010|Siskin, Clifford and William Warner (eds). ''This is Enlightenment.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.]]

:[[Smyth 2018|Smyth, Adam. '' Material Texts in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Spires 2019|Spires, Derrick R. ''The Practice of Citizenship: Black Politics and Print Culture in the Early United States.'' Penn Press, 2019.]]

:[[Straznicky 2006|Straznicky, Marta, ed. ''The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers and Readers in Early Modern England.'' Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006.]]

:[[Treharne 2021|Treharne, Elaine. ''Perceptions of Medieval Manuscripts: The Phenomenal Book.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.]]

:[[Twyman 2001|Twyman, Michael. ''Breaking the Mould : The First Hundred Years of Lithography.'' London: British Library, 2001.]]

:[[Watt 1991|Watt, Tessa. ''Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550-1640.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.]]

:[[Weekes 2004|Weekes, Ursula. ''Early Engravers and their Public: The Master of the Berlin Passion and Manuscripts from Convents in the Rhine-Maas Region, ca. 1450-1500.'' Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publisher, 2004.]]

:[[Yates 1966|Yates, Frances. ''The Art of Memory.'' New York: Routledge, 1966.]]

=== History of Reading / Compiling / Arranging ===

:[[Colclough 2007|Colclough, Stephen. ''Consuming Texts: Readers and Reaading Communities, 1695-1870.'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.]]

:[[di Bello 2007|di Bello, Patrizia. ''Women's Albums and Photography in Victorian England.'' Ashgate, 2007.]]

:[[Garvey 2012|Garvey, Ellen Gruber. ''Writing with Scissors: American Scrapbooks from the Civil War to the Harlem Renaissance.'' Oxford UP, 2012.]]

:[[Knight 2013|Knight, Jeffrey Todd. ''Bound to Read: Compilations, Collections, and the Making of Renaissance Literature.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Pres, 2013.]]

:[[Lupton 2018|Lupton, Christina. ''Reading and the Marking of Time in the Eighteenth Century.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[McHenry 2002|McHenry, Elizabeth. ''Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2002.]]

:[[Peltz 2017|Peltz, Lucy. ''Facing the Text: Extra-Illustration, Print Culture, and Society in Britain 1769-1840.'' San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2017.]]

:[[Silver and Hamel 2005|Silver, Joel and Christepher de Hamel. ''Disbound and Dispersed: The Leaf Book Considered.'' The Caxton Club, 2005.]]

=== Libraries / Library Tech / Documentalism ===

:[[Adler 2019|Adler, Melissa. "Eros in the Library: Considering the Aesthetics of Knowledge Organization." ''ARLIS'' (2019): 67-71.]]

:[[Briet 1951|Briet, Suzanne. ''What is Documentation?'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2006.]]

:[[Caswell |Caswell, Michelle. ''Urgent Archives: Enacting Liberatory Memory Work.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Drabinski 2013|Drabinski, Emily. "Queering the Catalog: Queer Theory and the Politics of Correction." ''The Library Quarterly.'' 83.2 (April 2013): 94-111.]]

:[[Lemov 2015|Lemov, Rebecca. ''Database of Dreams: The Lost Quest to Catalog Humanity.'' New Haven: Yale UP, 2015.]]

:[[Power 1990|Power, Eugene. ''Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power Founder of University Microfilms,'' with Robert Anderson (Ann Arbor: University Microfilms Inc.)]]

=== Compositors / Typography / Typesetting ===

:[[Cockburn 1983|Cockburn, Cynthia. ''Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change.'' Pluto Press, 1983.]]

:[[Reynolds 1989|Reynolds, Siân. ''Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian Edinburgh.'' Edinburgh University Press, 1989.]]

:[[Stein 2016|Stein, Jesse Adams. ''Hot Metal: Material Culture and Tangible Labour.'' Manchester University Press, 2016.]]

=== Prints ===

:[[Landau and Parshall 1994|Landau, David and Peter Parshall. ''The Renaissance Print: 1470-1550.'' New Haven: Yale, 1994.]]

=== Material Culture / Textiles ===

:[[Arthur 1995|Arthur, Liz. ''Embroidery 1600-1700 at the Burrell Collection.'' London: John Murray, 1995.]]

:[[Blum 1997|Blum, Dilys E. ''The Fine Art of Textiles: The Collections of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.'' Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1997.]]

:[[Brooke 1992|Brooke, Xanthe. ''The Lady Lever Art gallery: Catalogue of Embroideries.'' Wolfeboro Falls, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, Inc, 1992.]]

:[[Brooks 2004|Brooks, Mary M. ''English Embroideries of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum.'' London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2004.]]

:[[Digby 1963|Digby, George Wingfield. ''Elizabethan Embroidery.'' London: Faber and Faber, 1963.]]

:[[Epstein 1998|Epstein, Kathleen. ''British Embroidery: Curious Works from the Seventeenth Century.'' Williamsburg: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1998.]]

:[[Fleming 2001|Fleming, Juliet. ''Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England.'' London: Reaktion Books, 2001.]]

:[[Hamling and Richardson 2010|Hamling, Tara and Catherine Richardson, eds. ''Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and its Meanings.'' Burlington: Ashgate, 2010.]]

:[[Harris 2009|Harris, Jonathan Gil. ''Untimely Matter in the Time of Shakespeare.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.]]

:[[Jones and Stallybrass 2000|Jones, Ann Rosalind and Peter Stallybrass. ''Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.]]

:[[Karr Schmidt 2011|Karr Schmidt, Suzanne. ''Altered and Adorned: Using Renaissance Prints in Daily Life.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011.]]

:[[Levey 1998|Levey, Santina M. ''An Eliabethan Inheritance: The Hardwick Hall Textiles.'' London: The National Trust, 1998.]]

:[[Mirabella 2011|Mirabella, Bella, ed. ''Ornamentalism: The Art of Renaissance Accessories.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011.]]

:[[Morrall and Watt 2008|Morrall, Andrew and Melinda Watt, eds. ''English Embroidery from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1580-1700.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

:[[Oakley-Brown and Killeen 2017|Oakley-Brown, Liz and Kevin Killeen, eds. Scrutinizing Surfaces, special issue of ''Journal of the Northern Renaissance'' 8 (2017). ]]

:[[Olson 2013|Olson, Rebecca. ''Arras Hanging: The Textile that Determined Early Modern Literature and Drama.'' Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2013.]]

:[[Smith 1999|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the O-Factor.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.]]

:[[Smith 2009|Smith, Bruce R. ''The Key of Green: Passion and Perception in Renaissance Culture.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Stallybrass 2000|Stallybrass, Peter. "Material Culture: An Introduction." ''Shakespeare Studies'' 28 (2000): 123-9.]]

:[[Swain 1990|Swain, Margaret. ''Embroidered Stuart Pictures.'' Haverfordwest: Shire Publications, Ltd., 1990.]]

:[[Swain 1980|Swain, Margaret. ''Figures on Fabric: Embroidery design sources and their application.'' London: Adam & Charles Black, 1980.]]

:[[Wardle 1970|Wardle, Patricia. ''Guide to English Embroidery.'' London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1970.]]

=== Sound ===

:[[Gitelman 1999|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Scripts, Grooves, and Writing Machines: Representing Technology in the Edison Era.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.]]

:[[Miller 2004|Miller, Paul. ''Rhythm Science.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2004.]]

:[[Miller 2008|Miller, Paul, ed. ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Sterne 2012|Sterne, Jonathan. ''MP3: The Meaning of a Format.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2012.]]

=== Digital Humanities ===

:[[Barness and Papaelias 2015|Barness, Jessica and AmyPapaelias, eds. ''Critical Making: Design and the Digital Humanities.'' Special issue of Visible Language 49.3 (December 2015).]]

:[[Berry 2012|Berry, David, ed. ''Understanding Digital Humanities.'' Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.]]

:[[Bordalejo and Risam 2019|Bordalejo, Barbara and Roopika Risam. ''Intersectionality in Digital Humanities.'' Arc Humanities Press, 2019.]]

:[[Crymble 2021|Crymble, Adam. ''Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age.'' University of Illinois Press, 2021.]]

:[[Fitzpatrick 2011|Fitzpatrick, Kathleen. ''Planned Obsolescence: Publishing, Technology, and the Future of the Academy.'' New York: NYU Press, 2011.]]

:[[Gabrys 2013|Gabrys, Jennifer. ''Digital Rubbish: A Natural History of Electronics.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013.]]

:[[Hall 2016|Hall, Gary. ''Pirate Philosophy: For a Digital Posthumanities.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2016.]]

:[[Hayles 2012|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''How We Think: Digital Media and Contemporary Technogenesis.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.]]

:[[Jones 2013|Jones, Steven E. ''The Emergence of the Digital Humanities.'' New York: Routledge, 2013.]]

:[[Kember 2016b|Sarah Kember, “At Risk? The Humanities and the Future of Academic Publishing,” Journal of Eletronic Publishing, “Disrupting theHumanities: Towards Posthumanities” 19.2 (Fall 2016). https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jep/3336451.0019.210?view=text;rgn=main]]

:[[LARB 2016|LA Review of Books interview series, 2016]]

:[[Liu 2013|Liu, Alan. "The Meaning of the Digital Humanities." ''PMLA'' 128 (2013): 409-23.]]

:[[Liu 2008|Liu, Alan. ''Local Transcendence: Essays on Postmodern Historicism and the Database.'' Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2008.]]

:[[Losh and Wernimont 2018|Losh, Liz and Jacqueline Wernimont. ''Bodies of Information: Intersectional Feminism and the Digital Humanities.'' University of Minnesota Press, 2018.]]

:[[Mandell 2015|Mandell, Laura. ''Breaking the Book: Print Humanities in the Digital Age.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.]]

:[[McCarty 2010|McCarty, Willard, ed. ''Text and Genre in Reconstruction: Effects of Digitalization on Ideas, Behaviours, Products and Institutions.'' Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 2010.]]

:[[McGann 2001|McGann, Jerome. ''Radiant Textuality: Literature After the World Wide Web.'' New York: Palgrave 2001.]]

:[[Schreibman and Siemans 2008|Schreibman, Susan and Ray Siemans. ''A Companion to Digital Literary Studies.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.]]

:[[Thylstrup 2018|Thylstrup, Nanna Bonde. ''The Politics of Mass Digitization.'' Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2018.]]

:[[Tsing 2012|Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. "On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales." ''Common Knowledge'' 18.3 (2012): 505-24.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Whearty 2023|Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.]]

=== Social Network Analysis ===

se [[Digital Book History]]

:[[Ahnert et al 2020|Ahnert, Ruth, Sebastian E. Ahnert, Catherine Nicole Coleman, and Scott B. Weingart. ''The Network Turn.'' Cambridge, 2020.]]

:[[Gavin 2016|Gavin, Michael. "Historical Text Networks: The Sociology of Early English Criticism." ''Eighteenth-Century Studies.'' 50.1 (Fall 2016): 53-80.]]

:[[O'Neill 2015|O'Neill, Lindsay. ''The Opened Letter: Networking in the Early Modern British World.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.]]

=== Performance Studies ===

:[[Taylor 2003|Taylor, Diana. ''The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2003.]]

=== Science and Technology Studies ===

:[[Kallinikos et al. 2012|Kallinikos, Jannis, et al. ''Materiality and Organizing : Social Interaction in a Technological World.'' OUP Oxford, 2012.]]

=== Infrastructure Studies ===

:[[Hughes 1993| Hughes, Thomas. ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930. Baltimore: JHU Press, 1993.]]

:[[Parks and Starosielski 2015|Parks, Lisa and Nicole Starrosielski, eds. ''Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015.]]

=== Media / Digital Book Studies ===

:[[Andersen and Pold 2011|Andersen, Christian Ulrik and Soren Bro Pold, eds. ''Interface Criticism : Aesthetics Beyond the Buttons.'' Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2011.]]

:[[Bogost and Montfort 2009|Bogost, Ian and Nick Montfort. ''Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009.]]

:[[Bouk 2022|Bouk, Dan. ''Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census.'' MCD, 2022.]]

:[[Bush 1945|Bush, Vannevar. "As We May Think." ''The Atlantic.'' July 1945.]]

:[[Coover 1992|Coover, Robert. "The End of Books." ''New York Times''. 21 June 1992.]]

:[[Drucker 2014|Drucker, Johanna. ''Graphesis: Visual Forms of Knowledge Production.'' Camridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Emerson 2014|Emerson, Lori. ''Reading Writing Interfaces: From the Digital to the Bookbound.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.]]

:[[Flusser 2011|Flusser, Vilem. ''Does Writing Have a Future?'' Trans. Nancy Ann Roth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.]]

:[[Flusser 2013|Flusser, Vilem. ''Post-History.'' Translated by Rodrigo Maltez Novaes. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

:[[Flusser and Bec 2012|Flusser, Vilem and Louis Bec. ''Vampyroteuthis Infernalis.'' Trans. by Valentine A. Pakis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway 2012|Galloway, Alexander R. ''The Interface Effect.'' Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2012.]]

:[[Galloway and Thacker 2007|Galloway, Alexander R. and Eugene Thacker. ''The Exploit: A Theory of Networks''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2007.]]

:[[Gitelman 2006|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Gitelman 2014|Gitelman, Lisa. ''Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2014.]]

:[[Harpold 2009|Harpold, Terry. ''Ex-foliations: Reading Machines and the Upgrade Path.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Hayles 2002|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Writing Machines.'']]

:[[Hayles 2021|Hayles, N. Katherine. ''Postprint: Books and Becoming Computational.'' New York: Columbia UP, 2021.]]

:[[Hookway 2014|Hookway, Branden. ''Interface.'' MIT Press, 2014.]]

:[[Hu 2015|Hu, Tung-Hui. ''A Prehistory of the Cloud.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Huhtamo and Parikka 2011|Huhtamo, Erkki and Jussi Parikka, eds. ''Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.]]

:[[Illich 1974|Illich, Ivan. ''Tools for Conviviality.'' London: Calder & Boyars, 1974.]]

:[[Kirschenbaum |Kirschenbaum, Matthew. ''Mechanisms: New Media and the Forensic Imagination.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008.]]

:[[Kleiner 2010|Kleiner, Dmytri. ''The Telekommunist Manifesto.'' Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures, 2010.]]

:[[Krajewski 2011|Krajewski, Markus. ''Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929.'' Trans. by Peter Krapp. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

:[[Mak 2014|Mak, Bonnie. "Archaeology of a Digitization." ''JAIST''. 2014.]]

:[[Malraux 1974|Malraux, Andre. ''The Voices of Silence.'' Trans. by Stuart Gilbert. Paladin, 1974.]]

:[[Nakamura 2002|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet.'' New York: Routledge, 2002.]]

:[[Nakamura 2008|Nakamura, Lisa. ''Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.]]

:[[Nakamura et al. 2021|Nakamura, Lisa, Hanah Stiverson, and Kyle Lindsey. ''Racist Zoombombing.'' New York: Routledge, 2021.]]

:[[Navas, Gallagher, Burrough 2015|Navas, Eduardo, Owen Gallagher, and xtine burrough, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Remix Studies.'' New York: Routledge, 2015.]]

:[[Nelson 1974|Nelson, Ted. ''Computer Lib / Dream Machines.'' Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1987 (1974).]]

:[[Parikka 2011|Parikka, Jussi. "Operative Media Archaeology: Wolfgang Ernst's Materialist Media Diagrammatics." ''Theory, Culture, Society.'' 28.5 (September 2011): 52-74.]]

:[[Parikka 2015|Parikka, Jussi. ''Geology of Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.]]

:[[Parikka and Sampson 2009|Parikka, Jussi and Tony D. Sampson, eds. ''The Spam Book: On Viruses, Porn, and Other Anomalies from the Dark Side of Digital Culture.'' Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2009.]]

:[[Peters 2015|Peters, John Durham. ''The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.]]

:[[Raley 2009|Raley, Rita. ''Tactical Media.'' Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.]]

:[[Rotman 2008|Rotman, Brian. ''Becoming Beside Ourselves: The Alphabet, Ghosts, and Distributed Human Being.'' Durham: Duke UP, 2008.]]

:[[Steyerl 2012|Steyerl, Hito. ''The Wretched of the Screen.'' (Sternberg Press, 2012)]]

:[[Tenen 2017|Tenen, Dennis. ''Plain Text: The Poetics of Computation.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2017.]]

:[[Tischleder and Wasserman 2015|Tischleder, Babette B. and Sarah Wasserman, eds. ''Cultures of Obsolescence: History, Materiality, and the Digital Age.'' New York: Palsgrave Macmillan, 2015.]]

:[[Urton 2003|Urton, Gary. ''Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records.'' Austin: University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003.]]

:[[Vismann 2008|Vismann, Cornelia. ''Files: Law and Media Technology.'' Stanford: Stanford UP, 2008.]]

:[[Warren 2022|Warren, Michelle. ''Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2022.]]

:[[Winthrop-Young 2012|Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey. "Kittler's Siren Recursions."]]

:[[Zielinski 2006|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''Deep Time of the Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006.]]

:[[Zielinski 2013|Zielinski, Siegfried. ''[... After he Media]: News from the Slow-Fading Twentieth Century.'' Trans. Gloria Custance. Minneapolis: Univocal, 2013.]]

=== Software Studies ===

:[[Bratton 2015|Bratton, Benjamin. ''The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2011|Chun, Wendy Hui Kyong. ''Programmed Visions: Software and Memory.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.]]

=== Distant Reading / Macroanalysis ===

:[[Bode 2012|Bode, Katherine. ''Reading by Numbers: Recalibrating the Literary Field.'' Anthem Press, 2012.]]

:[[Bode 2017|Bode, Katherine. "The Equivalence of “Close” and “Distant” Reading; or, Toward a New Object for Data-Rich Literary History." ''MLQ'' 78.1 (March 2017): 77-106.]]

:[[Bode 2018|Bode, Katherine. ''A World of Fiction: Digital Collections and the Future of Literary History.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018.]]

:[[Eve 2019|Eve, Martin Paul. ''Close Reading with Computers: Textual Scholarship, Computational Formalism, and David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019]]

:[[Jockers 2013|Jockers, Matthew. ''Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History.'' Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013.]]

:Debate between Franco Moretti and Katie Trumpener in ''Critical Inquiry'' 36.1 (2009): http://criticalinquiry.uchicago.edu/past_issues/issue/autumn_2009_v36_n1/

:[[On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading 2017|PMLA "theories and methodologies" section On Franco Moretti's Distant Reading, 132.3 (May 2017)]]

:[[Shore 2019|Shore, Daniel. ''Cyberformalism: Histories of Linguistic Forms in the Digital Archive.'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018.]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

:[[Underwood 2019|Underwood, Ted. ''Distant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Change.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019.]]

=== Critical Algorithm Studies / Surveillance Studies ===

:[[Benjamin 2019|Benjamin, Ruha. ''Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code.'' Polity, 2019.]]

:[[Browne 2015|Browne, Simone. ''Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Chun 2021|Chun, Wendy H. K. ''Discriminating Data: Correlation, Neighborhoods, and the New Politics of Recognition.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021.]]

:[[D'Ignazio and Klein 2020|D'Igazio, Catherine and Lauren F. Klein. ''Data Feminism.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Eubanks 2018|Eubanks, Virginia. ''Automating Inequality.'' St Martins Press, 2018.]]

:[[O'Neil 2016|O'Neil, Cathy. ''Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy.'' Crown, 2016.]]

:[[Zuboff 2019|Zuboff, Shoshana. ''The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power.'' Public Affairs, 2019.]]

=== Critical Code Studies ===

:[[Marino 2020|Marino, Mark. ''Critical Code Studies: Initial Methods.'' Cambridge: MIT Press, 2020.]]

:[[Soon and Cox 2020|Soon, Winnie and Geoff Cox. ''Aesthetic Programming: A Handbook of Software Studies.'' Open Humanities Press, 2020.]]

:[[Wooldridge 2021|Wooldridge, Michael. ''A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence: What It Is, Where We Are, and Where We Are Going.'' Macmillan, 2021.]]

=== History of Literary Criticism ===

:[[Best and Marcus 2009|Best, Stephen and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An Introduction.”s]]

:[[Underwood 2013|Underwood, Ted. ''Why Literary Periods Mattered: Historical Contrast and the Prestige of English Studies.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.]]

=== Marginalia, Used Books, Readers' Marks, Manuscript ===

:[[Brayman Hackel 2005|Brayman Hackel, Heidi. ''Reading Material in Early Modern England: Print, Gender, and Literacy.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Dobranski 2005|Dobranski, Stephen B. ''Readers and Authorship in Early Modern England.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.]]

:[[Evans 1995|Evans, Robert C. ''Habits of Mind: Evidence and Effects of Ben Jonson's Reading.'' Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995.]]

:[[Gingerich 2002|Gingerich, Owen. ''An Annotated Census of Copernicus' 'De Revolutionibus'.''' Leiden: Brill, 2002.]]

:[[Jackson 2001|Jackson, Heather. ''Marginalia: Readers Writing in Books.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Orgel 2015|Orgel, Stephen. ''The Reader in the Book: A Study of Spaces and Traces.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.]]

:[[Sherman 1995|Sherman, William H. ''John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance.'' Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995.]]

:[[Sherman 2008|Sherman, William H. ''Used Books: Marking Readers in Renaissance England.'' Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.]]

:[[Stern 1979|Stern, Virginia F. ''Gabriel Harvey: A Study of His Life, Marginalia, and Library.'' Oxford; Oxford University Press, 1979.]]

:[[Trevelyon 1608|Trevelyon, Thomas. ''The Trevelyon Miscellany of 1608: A Facsimile of Folger Shakespeare Library MS V.b.232.'' Edited by Heather Wolfe. Washington, DC: Folger Shakespeare Library, 2007.]]

:[[Tribble 2003|Tribble, Evelyn B. ''Margins and Marginality: The Printed Page in Early Modern England.'' Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2003.]]

=== Orality, Literacy ===

:[[Ferguson 2003|Ferguson, Margaret W. ''Dido's Daughters: Literacy, Gender and Empire in Early Modern England and France.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.]]

:[[Olson 1994|Olson, David. ''The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.]]

:[[Ong 2002|Ong, Walter. "Orality and Literacy: Writing Restructures Consciousnes." ''Book History Reader''. Eds. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York: Routledge, 2002. 105-117.]]

=== Copyright, Intellectual Property, Censorship ===

:[[Boyle 2003|Boyle, James. "The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain." ''Law & Contemporary Problems'' 66.33 (Spring 2003): 33-74.]]

:[[Johns 2009|Johns, Adrian. ''Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.]]

:[[Loewenstein 2002|Loewenstein, Joseph. ''The Author's Due: Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.]]

:[[Milton, Areopagitica]]

:[[Rose 1993|Rose, Mark. ''Authors and Owners: The Invention of Copyright.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.]]

=== History / Philosophy of Science ===

:[[Barad 2007|Barad, Karen. ''Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Braidotti 2006|Braidotti, Rosi. ''Transpositions: On Nomadic Ethics.'' Malden: Polity, 2006.]]

:[[Canguilhem 2008|Canguilhem, Georges. ''Knowledge of Life.'' Trans. by Stefanos Geroulanos and Daniela Ginsburg. Ed. by Paola Marrati and Todd Meyers. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008.]]

:[[Daston and Park 1998|Daston, Lorraine and Katherine Park. ''Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750.'' New York: Zone Books, 1998.]]

:[[Freedberg 2002|Freedberg, David. ''The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. ]]

:[[Grosz 2004|Grosz, Elizabeth. ''The Nick of Time: Politics, Evolution, and the Untimely.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.]]

:[[Harkness 2007|Harkness, Deborah E. ''The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution.'' New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.]]

:[[Hunter 2013|Hunter, Matthew C. ''Wicked Intelligence: Visual Art and the Science of Experiment in Restoration London.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.]]

:[[Schaffer and Shapin 1985|Schaffer, Simon and Steven Shapin. ''Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.]]

=== Philosophy ===

:[[Agamben 2009|Agamben, Giorgio. ''What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays.'' Ed. Werner Hamacher. Trans. by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.]]

:[[Althusser 2001|Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes towards an Investigation." In ''Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays.'' Trans. by Ben Brewster. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001 [1969]. 85-126.]]

:[[Arendt 1958|Arendt, Hannah. ''The Human Condition.'' Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1958.]]

:[[Bacon, Novum Organum]]

:[[Badiou 2000|Badiou, Alain. ''Deleuze: The Clamor of Being.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2000.]]

:[[Bennett 2010|Bennett, Jane. ''Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.]]

:[[Cavendish 1666|Cavendish, Margaret. ''Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.'' Ed. by Eileen O'Neill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.]]

:[[Deleuze 1993|Deleuze, Gilles. ''The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque.'' Trans. by Tom Conley. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.]]

:[[Deleuze 1990|Deleuze, Gilles. ''Logic of Sense.'' New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1990.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1986|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.]]

:[[Deleuze and Guattari 1988|Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. ''A Thousand Plateaus.'' Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.]]

:[[Deleuze and Foucault 1972|Deleuze, Gilles and Michel Foucault. "Intellectuals and Power."]]

:[[Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers]]

:[[Foucault 1970|Foucault, Michel. ''The Order of Things.'' New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1994.]]

:[[Glissant 1997|Glissant, Edouard. ''Poetics of Relation.'' Trans. by Betsy Wing. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.]]

:[[Heraclitus, Fragments]]

:[[Hobbes, Leviathan]]

:[[Hobbes, Dialogus physicus]]

:[[Kierkegaard 1843|Kierkegaard, Søren (Constantin Constantius). ''Repetition.'' Trans. by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983 [1843].]]

:[[Leibniz, Monadologie]]

:[[Lucretius, De rerum natura.]]

=== British Literature 1509-1688 ===

:[[Lock, Meditation of a Penitant Sinner (1560)]]

:[[Spenser, Shepheards Calendar|Spenser, Shepheards Calendar (1579)]]

:[[Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie|Kyd, The Spanish Tragedie (~1582-1592)]]

:[[Daniel, Delia with the Complaint of Rosamund (1592)]]

:[[Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)]]

:[[Cary, Tragedy of Miriam (1613)]]

:[[Cavendish, The Contract]]

:[[Panofsky 1982|Panofsky, Richard J., ed. ''The Floures of Philosophie (1572) by Hugh Platt and A Sweet Nosgay (1573) and the Copy of a Letter (1567) by Isabella Whitney.'' Delmar, New York: Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1982.]]

=== Literature ===

:[[Homer, Iliad]]

:[[Ovid, Metamorphoses]]

:[[Virgil, Aeneid]]

:[[Marvell, Mower Poems]]

:[[Mallarme]]

=== Interesting / Collected ===

:[[Alpers 1983|Alpers, Svetlana. ''The Art of Describing.'']]

:Blair, Ann. ''The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science.''

:Boyle, James. ''Shaman, Software and Spleens.''

:Brooke, Collin Gifford. ''Lingua Fracta: Towards a Rhetoric of New Media.'' (Hampton Press, 2009)

:''Social Life of Documents.''

:[[Cohen 2009|Cohen, Adam Max. ''Technology and the Early Modern Self.'']]

:[[Davidson 2007|Davidson, Peter. ''The Universal Baroque.'' New York, NY: Manchester University Press, 2007.]]

:Drucker, Johanna. ''The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923.''

:Findlen, Paula. ''Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy.''

:''Software Studies,'' edited by Matthew Fuller

:Hannam, James. ''God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science.''

:[[Goldberg 2009|Goldberg, Jonathan. ''The Seeds of Things: Theorizing Sexuality and materiality in Renaissance Representations.'']]

:[[Friedberg 2006|Friedberg, Anne. ''The Virtual Window: From Alberti to Microscoft.'']]

:Jackson, Holbrook. ''The Anatomy of Bibliomania.''

:Jager, Eric. ''The Book of the Heart.''

:Jardine, Lisa. ''The Curious Life of Robert Hooke.''

:Lovink, Geert. ''Dark Fiber.''

:[[Merton 1970|Merton, R. K. ''Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England.'']]

:''The Mindful Hand: Inquiry and Invention from the Late Renaissance to Early Industrialisation.''

:Osler, Margaret J. ''Reconfiguring the World: Nature, God, and Human Understanding from the Middle Ages to Early Modern Europe.''

:Phillippy, Patricia. ''Painting Women: Cosmetics, Canvases, and Early Modern Culture.''

:Pettegree, Andrew. ''The Book in the Renaissance.''

:''Prefiguring Cyberculture.''

:Spufford, Margaret. ''Small Books and Pleasant Histories.''

:[[Stewart 1993|Stewart, Susan. ''On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 1993.]]

:[[Stock 1990|Stock, Brian. ''Listening for the Text: On the Uses of the Past.'']]

:Urban, Greg. ''Metaculture.''

:Wiener, Norbert. ''Cybernetics.''

== Courses / Working Groups ==

Programming for Humanitists workshop: http://programming4humanists.tamu.edu/?page_id=19
=== [[Pedagogies]] ===

=== Taught ===

==== [[Cultures of the Book]] ====

==== [[Cultures of Collecting]] ====

==== [[Folger Orientation to Research Methods and Agendas (June 2020)]] ====

==== [[Cut/Copy/Paste: Remixing Words (Spring 2012)]] ====

==== [[Digital Narratives]] (Fall 2013) ====

==== [[Digital Editing and Curation]] (Spring 2016) ====

==== [[Digital Lives of Books]] ====

==== [[Digital Humanities graduate seminar]] ====

=== Taken ===

==== [[Descriptive Bibliography, RBS (July 2010)]] ====

==== [[Book History (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Langland, Wyclif, and the Late Medieval Church (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Speculative Aesthetics reading group (Fall 2010)]] ====

==== [[Epic and the Elegy: 18th-century Literature (Spring 2011)]] ====

==== [[FHI Graduate Digital Scholarship Initiative]] ====

==== [[Paleography (Fall 2012)]] ====

==== [[Introduction to Digital Sound Design (Coursera, February 2013)]] ====

==== [[Illustration Processes to 1900 (July 2013)]] ====

==== [[Metadata (Coursera, Fall 2013)]] ====

==== [[Gephi workshop (Duke, February 2014)]] ====

== [[Scrapbook]] ==

== [[Grants]] ==

== Conferences ==

=== [[Material Cultures 2010]] ===

=== [[Drumbeat 2010]] ===

=== [[Computers and Writing 2011]] ===

=== [[SAA 2015]] ===

=== [[BABEL 2015]] ===

=== [[RSA 2016]] ===

=== [[DH 2016]] ===

=== [[STS 2017]] ===

=== [[SHARP 2017]] ===

Whearty 2023

2025-08-20T18:49:34Z

Wtrettien:

Whearty, Bridget. ''Digital Codicology: Medieval Books and Modern Labor.'' Stanford University Press, 2023.

Preface: Vanishing Act

But just because end users are not in the habit of seeing them does not mean that the labor and laborers are not there.

xvii

The sudden erasure of this creator’s hands—nearly fourteen years after she made this new digital copy of a nineteenth-century copy, of a sixteenth-century copy, of an older medieval book—powerfully demonstrates how digital copies are not static. They are complicated, changeable objects, and they each carry their own stories of labor, community, erasure, and care.

xvii
INTRODUCTION Embodied Books, Disembodied Labor

In describing these objects as “digital manuscripts” I seek to emphasize how much hands-on human labor continues to be the story of medieval manuscripts, especially as they are copied into new media.

3

As digital archives continue to proliferate, we need a rigorous codicology for digital manuscripts and books, distinct from their analog, hard- copy originals. At the heart of this expanded codicology rest the same questions that we have long asked of digitized books’ analog originals: Who made this book? when? where? for whom? using what tools? to what end?

3

Schol- arship on digital books has conventionally positioned “the physical” versus “the digital” as though technologically mediated, visual access to medieval manuscripts is a new thing. But the metadata for the digital copy reveal how much that binary oversimplifies the media histories of digitized books. Far from a Gutenberg parenthesis, skipping over five hundred years to directly connect the pre- and postprint eras, the digital copy of the Ellesmere Chaucer is deeply rooted in—is in fact insepara- ble from—an array of modern reprographic technologies, not the least of which is print.

8

I do not deny the potent combination of affective and intellectual delight that can come of laying hands on hard-copy books. Yet the sus- tained focus on the intimate relationship between the book’s analog body and the scholar’s body attends to only two of the bodies involved in research labor. Generations of librarians, curators, and archivists who do the labor of cataloging and caring for collections, who make finding aids so that scholars can find our objects of study, who carry about hard-copy codices to and from reading tables—all of these bodies and labors go largely unacknowledged. The working bodies and expert contributions of digitizers, project managers, and library technologists are similarly absent from much humanities scholarship on digital man- uscripts. Both erasures are profoundly wrong—immoral from a labor ethics standpoint and incorrect for standards of scholarly rigor.

15

Across decades, we seem to perceive digitization as always-already new, somehow without history—standing outside of history writ large and lacking a history of its own.

16

A self-cons codicology of digital text pushes beyond retrospectively judging whether a project made the “right choice” (whatever that might mean) and instead seeks to understand why those choices were made. What larger social and institutional pressures made this the correct choice for these project-builders in this moment? What might that choice reveal about the larger structures in place that support the creation of digital manuscripts? And, perhaps most pressingly, what do these decisions reveal about the unseen humans behind the digital manu- scripts on our screens?

20

As my interviews with librarians, curators, and digitization specialists have shown, there are significant differences

21

around credit between a research-faculty culture that brands all indi- vidual contributions by name in order to quantify individual scholarly impact for hiring and promotion, and the cultures of collective labor and uncredited collaboration more common to galleries, libraries, and museums…

22

Thus, I want to be clear that I am not arguing for compul- sory naming of the workers involved in making digital medieval books. What I am arguing for is compulsory noticing.

22

As end users, we must learn to read into the absences in digital books the vivid presence of the many someones who did the labor of making them, in the same way that we know to read those same ab- sences in the bodies and histories of hard-copy books.

22

Too often, hu- manities researchers have seen the scribe who has been dead for more than half a millennium with greater clarity than the living digitizer who creates the digital manuscripts we use daily. Ethnographic, and at times autoethnographic, research can act as an important corrective to this.

24

The rhetoric of digital humanities and digitization can slip into techno-utopianism. Against these impulses, medieval writers’ insights into the labor, purpose, and limitations of bookmaking can serve as a useful corrective.

32
CODA. Glitch

…how much should the errors in digital manuscripts be treated as unique evidence of the digital book’s making, worthy of preservation? And how much should they be treated like coding bugs, glitches to be fixed, erased, overwritten? Under their pragmatic surface, these boil down to an ontological question: What is a digital manuscript—is it a book? a computer program? something else entirely? Common practices for addressing digital copying errors do not follow best practices for rare books or for software updates, but I will argue here that they—that we—sh…

217

Both medieval manuscripts and media studies seem to suggest that there might be value in not over- writing or destroying the moments where the seams and “mess” show through, because those glimpses of mess reveal the effort-filled per- formance that is always lurking behind our modern screens. Through deliberately preserving visible errors and glitches, digital manuscripts might better reveal how they—like their analog exemplars—are always touched by humans and shaped by unseen hands.

225

I dream of digital collection management systems that would allow for correction while also preserving some version of those errors, cre- ating both better digital manuscripts and a visible record of the mul- titemporal community that reaches across days, years, and decades to sustain and care for shared digital cultural heritage.

228

While it may not, itself, visibly layer errors and corrections over each other like the medieval copying errors described earlier, this kind of VCS could allow for modern digital copying errors and corrections to coexist as parallel versions of the same project, offering deliberate snapshots of the ongoing, multiyear project of digital assembly—the way historical photographs of a building can usefully document specific stages of con- struction and renovation.

229

It’s that when changes are made to digital manuscripts, they should not be invisible. They should be accompanied by a public, visible, and detailed record of what those changes were, when and why they occurred.

230

Standardizing version control in digital manuscript collections fixes that instability and uncertainty, helping work on digital objects maintain greater rigor and accuracy—even as the digital objects we study continue to be corrected, augmented, and changed.

233

…this kind of public versioning might also help preserve a record of the very real “mess” of manuscripts, foregrounding across the centuries, media, and versions the vast interconnected communities of human contributors and showcasing how the maintenance and care work for digital manuscripts are ongoing.

233

Fyfe 2024

2025-08-20T18:48:55Z

Wtrettien: Created page with "Fyfe, Paul. Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities. Stanford UP, 2024. Wandering between two worlds, caught between the best and worst of times, the Victorians perceived themselves in the middle of an epochal transition, including to the ways they depicted and communicated these changes. The Victorian moment of new media is also our moment. The last few decades have brought a similar sense of living through an unprece- dented age of dig..."

Fyfe, Paul. Digital Victorians: From Nineteenth-Century Media to Digital Humanities. Stanford UP, 2024.

Wandering between two worlds, caught between the best and worst of times, the Victorians perceived themselves in the middle of an epochal transition, including to the ways they depicted and communicated these changes.

The Victorian moment of new media is also our moment. The last few decades have brought a similar sense of living through an unprece- dented age of digital transformation, for better and worse.

Among the many contexts in which we can trace a nineteenth-century inheritance—the lasting schisms of empire, climate crisis, or even historical thinking as such—this book is especially interested in the contemporary legacy of Victorian new media. This is not simply because nineteenth-century inventions like the telegraph helped establish the technologies and infrastructure for the digital present—which, intriguingly, they did. Instead, the nine- teenth century sets the conceptual terms we still use to understand new media and our relationships to it. Our very sense of technological newness has a Victorian history.

If we recognize digital media in the Victorian past, that does not commit us to valorizing the present or excluding other forms of historical knowledge. Making the Victorians “digital” may actually help resist the narratives of historical uniqueness that “new media” enables, then as well as now. It gives us tools to know the past and ourselves differently.

…looking back, the history of the digital present extends to nineteenth-century encounters with media in transition; looking forward, this history re- frames our own contemporary relationships with the digital, especially in contexts of the materials, interpretive practices, and professional landscape of the …

…this book shifts from the gen- eralized category of the “digital” to the emergence of “digital human- ities” (DH) as a notably self-conscious discourse about what happens to text, writing, communication, culture, and work amid significant media shift—questions that had intensely preoccupied the Victori- ans as well…

Like “new media,” DH has a longer and more complex history than typically gets acknowledged. This book finds an alternative one in nineteenth-century encounters with its new media.

One of the advantages of studying the Victorians is we can recognize genealogies of our own knowledge practices before their disciplinary enclosure and analyze how those divisions took hold from their “undisciplined culture” to ours.

If the Victorians were already digital, they might help us envision a more encompassing field or alternative futures for digital scholarship now.

Digital Victorians is not (quite) a media history, but a history of interpretive attitudes about media in transition, for which writing and literature—broadly construed—furnish such useful evidence.

Digital Victorians argues for the substantial explanatory power of Victorian literature for thinking about the digital age and reconfigu- ration of humanities practices within it.

With its transhistorical corre- spondence, this book offers a capacious and interdisciplinary approach to studying new media, including attention to the materiality of trans- mission, the ethics of data, the historiography of digital materials and methods, and the origins of academic fields.

Nunberg, James Gleick, and Toni Weller all locate the emergence of a modern concept of information at this time: “it was during the nineteenth century that the overt recog- nition and expectation of information that is characteristic of our own age first became evident.”

I rehearse just a few of these arguments to suggest how strongly the nineteenth-century’s “age of transition” resonates with scholars— especially those guided by a constellation of terms including informa- tion, communication, technology, and media. They also reveal a desire to recognize nineteenth-century developments as precursors to our own, as if the Victorian age transitions directly to the present.

Fans and scholars alike are reclaiming the Victorian era in the present, as it helps stabilize or decode the disruptions of digital culture.

In this book, I am as interested to study this sense of the digital present as its potential origins in the Victorian past. Both are historical conditions defined significantly by media in transition, whose “newness” has less to do with technological invention and more to do with social, cultural, and professional structures in flux.

However, though such cross-disciplinary conversations have been generative, the periodization and geographical focus of liter- ary scholarship (“Victorian studies”) does not neatly align with media history.

For these reasons and more, literary scholars need to take care in claiming media studies under our auspice, or assuming the Page 10

In short, DH is the academy’s new media encounter.

It makes sense that “What is DH?” is an endlessly asked and unanswerable question. The question is its own answer, as DH is a metadiscourse that has prompted the humanities to vigorously reassess its purview.

Almost by definition, new media has been an engine of presentist think- ing, seeming neatly to distinguish breaks between technological eras.

Digital Victorians joins this conversation while adding other dimensions to it, especially the perspectives of media historians and communication scholars.

Taken together, they track the establishment of something like digital humanities in the nineteenth century, generalized as the relationship of writing, publishing, and reading to conspicuous changes in the Victorians’ sociotechnical land- scape, which I will describe in terms of media shift.

In sum, the book traces the establishment of Victorian digitality, identifies its legacies in the present, and assesses the problems and opportunities of that strange inheritance.

For that reason, I do not track specific technologies back to their uncanny Victorian precursors but try to demonstrate corresponding moments in which their significance was negotiated.

Information’s disappearing act is not a property of communications technology. It is an effect of the discourse around communications technology in which journalistic writings and literary texts play vital roles. Literature, however you define it, does not stand outside media history, nor is literature merely conveyed through media like an inert substance. Rather, literature shapes the habits of mind and rhetorical frames by which technologies come to exist and function.

This chapter locates an origin myth for the disembodiment of information in nineteenth-century reactions to landmark shifts in networked communications media, including the demise of the horse- drawn mail coach, its replacement by rail, the industrialization of print, and the transatlantic telegraph.

Interestingly, that does not happen simply by denying the body or ignoring the material. It paradoxically results from trying to under- stand telecommunications through the body—at least through nor- mative bodies defined and delimited by the senses.

Ultimately, I argue that dis- course around nineteenth-century media offers an origin of the myth of disembodied information as well as an emerging counter discourse of what Peters calls “infrastructuralism.” 13Like the internet train ar- riving in the pre…

For De Quincey, affect resolves the problem of how things are connected.

If the materiality of the medium can only be understood if we see, touch, taste it, we have introduced physiological and anthropocentric biases that make telecommunica- tions media seem alien, other, “quasi-physical” or beyond bodies, like the creature whose eloquence we understand but whose monstrous form we shun. And that estrangement will only grow.

As they industrial- ized, newspapers tried to distinguish themselves in a crowded field by celebrating their own technical accomplishments, whether in terms of printing speeds, copies printed, machines used, images made, or distances traveled. Yet even when showcasing their own production, newspapers mystified these processes for readers.

…regardless of the technology or their attitudes, they both make the same rhetorical moves. They each create biomorphic hybrids; they idealize a connective technology; they naturalize its functions; and they make alien or unknowable those di- mensions that exceed what we can see and feel. In each case, we’re left with a fantasy about frictionless mediation, about the sublime trans- mission of messages.

Perhaps no other engine of nineteenth-century media did as much as the newspaper to drive the myth of disembodied information as well as to showcase its own logistics and production. That performance played again and again as nineteenth-century periodicals celebrated their medial breakthroughs. The patterns of disintermediation are certainly legible in terms of Marxist critique, offering examples of how capital would obscure the conditions of its own production and fetishize infor- mation as a commodity on its own. However, newspapers created the commodity value of information by making a show of how they printed and distributed their goods. If newspapers obscured some aspects of their production in economic terms, they celebrated the materials, ma- chines, and movement as part of what was new about news. Turning the newspaper into a commodity also meant showcasing to readers how it was made.

Instead, the newspaper press shows the contest among discourses of mediation, or the blend of what now seem like incommensurate ideas.

Smits uses the story of the Queen’s speech to claim that national news was not merely a telegraphic or technological phenomenon, as scholars sometimes claim. In fact, the story emphasizes the opposite of telegraphic disembodiment: the papers, vehicles, and geographic traverse all reinforce readers’ sense of broader connectedness.

The Morning Post, like the W. H. Smith Company, like The Times and the Illustrated London News, all insisted that readers recog- nize the material history and delivery infrastructure that made them unique.

The challenge for media history is to move beyond the frameworks for understanding communications that nineteenth-century writers largely defined. We need to develop the disposition to the infrastruc- tures, materials, and environments the Victorians conspired to erase.

…ary structures of power evolve into “a continuous set of cybernetic systems, financial incentives, and monitoring techniques molded to each individual subject.” 79In other words, networked disem- bodiment is a trap, baited with the promise of connectivity.

This chapter has suggested that the impulse to see and to feel in networked communications only further divorces information from its body, implying that the medium, even so nakedly encountered, carries “nothing.” So disconnected from what he can sensuousl…

The significance of the internet comes less from Blum than from the literary tropes he imports, tropes that paradoxically render invisible the cultural infrastructure that a book like Tubes was sup- posed to reveal.

This chapter argues how this tangle of preoccupations—as illuminated by writers including George Eliot, George du Maurier, psychical researchers, jour- nalists, and legal scholars—becomes the foundation for an emerging discourse of data ethics.

… of information.” 13The Lifted Veil dramatizes the bound- ary problems of nineteenth-century reprographic, electromechanical, and psychical mediums, sometimes explicitly referenced in the text, but everywhere inferred in Latimer’s hypersensitive mediation.

… moments of ignorance like cherishing “the last pains in a paralysed limb.” His “strange disease” turns his telepathy into teleparalysis; he is rendered completely inef- fectual by the very phenomenon of being connected to others, flooded with impressions.

Latimer suffers less from “superadded” connections than from the supersession of a normal mind by a technologized hyperconsciousness. Latimer has a networked sensorium. And it produces the very opposite of sympathy.

Rather, the threat lies within the very ideology of networked communication: an assumption that such networks establish connections at all, or that they produce knowable things.

Instead, The Lifted Veil is haunted by the transformation of sociality that attends technologized communication, imagining the consequences in terms we are now well equipped to recognize.

…ms of information, are uncannily familiar: in Birkerts’s terms, a “cognitive and moral pa- ralysis.” 49This discourse has fully reanimated the terms of Eliot’s dis- content in The Lifted Veil. I would even argue that such critiques verge on a gothic genre.

In promoting empathy, Turkle retreads Victorian nostalgia for a sense of connectedness it never actually felt, and extends its “empathic gaze” built on racial subjection.

…connection of souls through the ether, we now understand in a far more mundane, though almost equally mystified, context as data capture and surveillance, or what the Defense Advanced Research Proj- ects Agency (DARPA) once menacingly called “Total Informational Awareness.”

Babbage imagines the durability of sound waves inscribed on the air and potentially decodable by a supreme mathematical intel- ligence: “The air itself is one vast library, on whose pages are for ever written all that man has ever said or woman whispered.” For Babbage, any natural medium permanently records our words and deeds: “the atmosphere . . . the waters, and the solid materials of the globe, bear equally enduring testimony of the acts we have committed.”

Victorian spiritualism lives on in discourse about our digital doubles, the ghosts in the machine summoned by our unwitting passage through the data-collecting world.

This goes beyond theories of immediacy to a fantasy of universal storage, con- nected cognition, and lossless recall any time in the future. Memory is not only ambient, but permanent.

The fantasy of endlessly extensible, ever-enduring memory gets constructed in the late nineteenth century in the context of recording media, spiritualism, and emerging psychiatric discourse. This model of the mind extends through twentieth-century fantasies of total storage, many of which seized on the computer as a new mechanism to explain it.

The faith in perpetual digital memory actually produces its opposite: a lack of awareness, concern, and investment to curate pre- carious digital materials for even the near future.

Be- tween a whole historical era and the embarrassing lifespan of software, between lived experience and the picoseconds of arcane computational processes, between the horizons of death and permanent digital after- lives: the digital has warped the relationship of memory and time.

Digital memory blurs many of the same ontological boundaries that Victorian spiritualists and psychologists were attempting to theorize.

I have shown examples of how nineteenth-century literature modeled these questions in its own era, as well as some of the problematic ways that commentary about con- nectedness and digital memory have redeployed nineteenth-century tropes. These commentators are right to look to the past for inspiration, though wrong to normalize its politics, dreams of disintermediation, or salutary experiences of deep reading. Victorian literature can offer a genealogy of data privacy and ethics—but rooted instead in its ambiv- alences about what we can know and how…

when it is least omniscient, and most wrong.” 128This does not mean cultivating ignorance about other people, but honoring, even revering, the value of limited social knowledge. Eliot’s ethics might depend on what people ought not to know about each other.

They are narratives shaped by a “pathology of information” and the genres that have emerged to assess it. Faced with this condition, nar- rative tries to compensate for the otherwise unanswerable complexity and uncertainty of a social existence overshadowed by its own data. This patterns both Victorian spiritualism and its desacralized coun- terpart, the anxious discourse around digital memory.

In the Cage offers a prescient glimpse of contemporary problems in humanities research: how to manage, read, and interpret texts at scale, specifically by counting words, or even by training machines to do so.

I argue that these nineteenth-century contexts offer al- ternative genealogies of distant reading and machine learning without capitulating to their rhetoric. From telegraphers and speed-reading secretaries to gendered artificial intelligence agents and clickworkers, AI has relied on human labor it either marginalizes or renders invi…

It signals the late Victorian origins of distant reading, as much a methodology as an argument about how interpretive reading can or should adapt to technological change.

In the Cage is a parable about alienated labor in the information age.

The telegrapher is not allowed to understand or interact with what she transmits. So she transgresses by imagining the significance of trans- mitted words beyond the dictionary, reconstructing the relations and subtexts they do not disclose or intentionally distort and transcending her station to join the “large and complicated game” of high-society int…

From a more contemporary perspective, these are stories about experimental reading methods in an era of unprecedented textual scale. They help show when quantitative modes of textual interpreta- tion became possible, perhaps even necessary, and hotly contested.

Rather, her imaginative labor cannot be valued while men like James seek to claim literary critical authority. In the Cage forcibly teaches the telegrapher what real reading is supposed to look like.

Ironically, to resist the technologizing of reading, this discourse technologized women’s bodies and work—a pattern that extends from Victorian telecommunications to recent representations of AI.

Looking further back, we can see how the origins of distant reading entangle with major changes in the late nineteenth- century understanding of reading as itself a technical process. In this context, counting words shifts to a predictive intelligence that speeds up reading. Its legacy is a category of AI called machine learning; its lesson is resisting the problematic erasures by which AI pretends it is artificial.

Amid turn-of-the-century developments in physiological studies of eye movement and speed reading pedagogies, we can see the stirrings of the predictive analytics that machine learning would formalize, and how it spurred sometimes anxious, sometimes utopian speculation about what it might facilitate.

…, through the gap left in the high lattice.” The small window regulates the exchange of words; the cage itself becomes a space of controlled symbol processing, the site of James’s fictional experiment about how much the telegrapher can read and comprehend.

From association to anticipation, from training to predictive un- derstanding. Here too, we see the underappreciated talents of James’s telegraphist. She embodies an approach to learning characterized by sifting data, finding patterns, and inferring particulars.

The more examples she trains on, the better she gets at decoding and ultimately predicting their exchanges:

Behind the screen, the telegraphist is also an operator within that system, developing her own techniques for interpreting its signals. If she is a cyborg, she is also an early version of a “machine learner.” If the telegraphist is a distant reader avant la lettre, she also represents an early version of a machine reader that the fin de siècle knew by other names.

But recovering the telegraphist as a machine reader may ironically help restore the human dimensions of AI, and even present an alternative approach to computational creativity.

In the Cage blames romance novels and naivete as the telegraphist’s greatest influences as a reader, linking her to a tradition of endangered and dangerous women readers as long as the novel itself. But projecting

the telegraphist’s reading strategies forward suggests a different gene- alogy in which the danger of women readers was resolved by excluding them entirely from the machinic intelligence they powered.

With the advent of language models and generative transformers, trained to predict what words should follow an initial prompt, we are again wrestling with complicated questions of occluded labor, the veracity of output, and computational creativity. Who is the author of a text partly gen- erated by a machine? Can we accept machine-generated language as knowledge? Whose words and work has it absorbed, and how are its outputs valued?

This chapter recasts The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde as a

nightmare allegory of late nineteenth-century media shift. Holographs, writing, books, and reading all offer Stevenson a proxy language for the media theory he cannot yet articulate: specifically, a theory of media transformation or remediation.

Sometimes latent, sometimes surfaced in critiques of the “dark side of the digital humanities,” the widespread unease with DH replays late Victorian concerns about the professional and philosophical consequences of media shift, including the authority of text, primacy of narrative, aesthetic reproducibility, erosion of professional elites, and violation of disciplinary boundaries and humanistic values.

Rather, I want to suggest how Stevenson consolidated a latent awareness of late nineteenth-century media shift into an en- during characterological template, continuing to influence the way we argue now.

Jekyll’s goals align with the stricter definition of remediation from Bolter and Grusin. Remediation is not simply a state change from one medium to another: it describes media’s pursuit of direct experience (immediacy) and the production of its opposite, an awareness of the obstructing body of any new medium (hypermediacy). 9So Mr. Hyde offers a new body for the immediate pursuit of Jekyll’s desires, yet Hyde unsettles the novel’s other characters with the hypervisible yet unde- finable aberration of that body.

On the one hand, so to speak, Jekyll and Hyde share an iden- tical script; on the other; they possess radically different embodiments. How can this warped mechanism produce the same writing? The para- dox of hands in Jekyll and Hyde underscores its larger question: can two dramatically different mediums generate a consistent message?

When new communications technologies were named as forms of writing (e.g., telegraphy, photog- raphy, phonography), their yet-unfamiliar media was granted writing’s accepted terms of symbolic inscription. This reinforced an ideologi- cal continuity between writing and authorship, or between hand and hand, that new media actually destabilized.

Stevenson cannot yet name or resolve his media problem, so he shifts it to another domain: the contests over professional forms of writ- ing and reading that preoccupied Stevenson (and many others) in the 1880s.

The novel casts its professional contest nominally between doctors—though we never really see their medi- cal practice. Instead, Jekyll and Hyde consistently stages the unlikely drama of reading. Time and again, the novel presents scenes of textual blasphemy and professionally authenticated forms of reading. While this strategy creates narrative suspense, it also resolves the threats of a blasphemous textual practice premised on quantification, experiment, and replication.

The bodily transformation from Jekyll to Hyde serves as a metaphor- ical warning about the commercialization of writing by a multimodal mass media at the fin de siècle.

Arguably, the nov- el’s implicit drama of remediation compelled its own adaptation time and again, from theatrical stagings to early phonographic recordings and audiobooks and films. Stevenson’s story gives these adaptations a self-reflexive charge, becoming popular any time its questions about media transformation emerge anew. These moments show the enduring appeal of Jekyll and Hyde and its gothic tropes as a framework for media shift and its challenges to cultural authority.

Jekyll and Hyde tends to appear at intervals when a technological mass medium has not yet been fully mechanized, when its protocols and representational claims are still being negotiated. It appears when a communications technol- ogy is itself transforming into a medium, including the transformation of women’s labor into mechanized forms. At these moments, Jekyll and Hyde becomes doubly useful: one, as a narrative framework for stabiliz- ing the curiosities and uncertainties about a new medium; and two, as a moralizing framework for qualifying the right behavior, social norms, and professional boundaries that medium seems to unsettle.

I am less interested in the substance of critiques like Birkerts’s than the forms and metaphors they often employ. What we find is a familiar fiction of displacement, disfigurement, and degeneration inherited from the nineteenth cen- tury.

Whether adapted directly or lurking in the shadows, Jekyll and Hyde uncannily appears at moments of media shift, especially those that unsettle the cultural authority of legacy media and its credentialed in- terpreters.

I do not want to insist that Stevenson’s novella establishes some master pattern; rather, Jekyll and Hyde cues us to look for novelistic adaptations in moments when new media unset- tles professional norms.

In a way, the novel makes monstrous the idea of experimental replication, which aligns with contemporary skepticism about an em- pirical approach to the literary arts.

The audacity of Jekyll’s experiment comes in trying to devise quantitative recipes for transcendental subjects. It is with similar audacity that Andrew Piper and Matt Erlin propose the quantitative studies of culture: “the most important, discipline- cha…

While tempted, I do not really mean to match these stories point for point, but to show more generally how Stevenson framed monstrosity in a context of debates about media and a transforming professional literary sphere, and, in turn, to illustrate how debates about DH adapt that gothic template to represent the con- sequences of media shift for humanities labor.

At the panel and afterward, many DHers complained that they did not recognize themselves in the grim characterizations of their work. But those characterizations, along with the divisions of us/ them we/they, do not necessarily come from careful analysis of digital scholarly practice. They emerge from preexisting plots that give them shape and which have consistently proved useful in framing the profes- sional repercussions of media shift.

T H E P E R I O D I C A L P R ESS W A S T H E engine of the Victorian’s new print media and its resulting sense of information overload.

Here in the last, I want to demonstrate how digitization forgets its own temporal legacies and material dependencies—as well as why and how we might need to reconstruct what it erases in the interval.

What we call “digitization” is only the nearest link of a tangled chain of remediation, institutional decisions, historical contingencies, and global actors far beyond the Victorian purview.

Ultimately, I suggest how studying Victorian texts against the longue durée of their mediation reveals the lasting impacts of earlier sociotechnical frameworks, invisible labor, and global exchange within the research objects and professional organizations of contemporary scholarship.

In physics, sublimation occurs when substances skip a physical state change, as when dry ice goes directly from solid to gas without an intermediate liquid stage. It is a useful metaphor for digital resources, which can seem to erase any intermediary state between source object and digital surrogate in the cloud.

…the legacy and functionality of digital scholarly resources also deeply depend on something else: “paradata.” Loosely defined, “paradata” means the procedural contexts, workflows, and in- tellectual capital generated by groups throughout a project’s lifecycle.19 Paradata might include commentary, rationale, process notes, and re- cords of decisions about projects capturing what its participants chose to include or exclud…

…ssion of newspapers through the evolving architectures of scholarly resources, beginning with the accessioning of newsprint by the British Museum in 1822. That date marks the first systematic and institutional attempt to collect British newspapers as such.

Newspaper accessions were perennially troubled by the museum’s storage space and the expense of binding them into volumes.

In 1905, the storage crisis resulted in the construction of the muse- um’s newspaper repository at Colindale (which was filled within twenty years) and the subsequent construction of the British Museum News- paper Library in 1932.

Nevertheless, it is an argument worth considering—that twentieth-century microfilms are not the acciden- tal intermediaries for commercial digital objects but their institutional precondition.

While the library’s print collection of nineteenth-century newspapers turned out to be in relatively good shape—with only 2 percent unfit for its new Zeutschel microfilm cameras—its microfilm collection of newspapers had prob- lems, largely developed on acetate rolls subject to acidic decay. So the BL decided to digitize newspapers by, whenever necessary, first making new microfilms from print copies. This would standardize its digital production and update its microfilm collections to National Preser- vation Standards.

As the BL logged pages for the JISC I and JISC II digitization projects, they were often improving the library’s catalog information about their originals, whose existence in print was frequently unknown or otherwise complicated by variously timed or regionally distributed editions. (…

Thus, digitization ironically regenerates the memory of nineteenth-century newspapers as preserved in other storage media, including stabilized paper as well as new microfilm.

Gale was soon using its own workflows and pro- posing additional requirements such as using subject categories for articles (with twenty-six options). 96These decisions consolidate in a master file, called the document type definition (DTD), a set of rules that all the project’s XML files must obey. In simpler terms, it consti- tutes the set of editorially accepted categories—for example, subjects, genres, and document features—within a digital collection. Establish- ing these parameters was apparently the most contentious aspect of the project, as developers and scholars attempted to model the staggering heterogeneity of formats and content across a century of periodical publishing.

That switch shows how digitization is not a one-time process but a transformation that occurs within the evolving circumstances of libraries, publishers, and users, and gets reshaped by different sets of institutional values and technical specifications.

Instead, I argue that Victorian studies is inextricably related to the archives it helped to envision and the media forms that defined them.

…the field forms in concert with the regeneration of its archives in new me- diums, as part of a broader project of record keeping, at the time being redefined by micropublishing and the computerization of bibliographic records. These media forms were thoroughly exercised on nineteenth- century periodicals and newspapers whose scale and informational complexity pushed (and continues to push) the early adoption of digital methods, and the reorganization of scholarly labor around indexing and information retrieval…

Victorian periodical studies only becomes possible in an age of micro- publishing and early computerization.

In a way, Victorian studies may owe less to grand claims about its historical sig- nificance than to the everyday labor of listing its texts, made possible by twentieth-century tools.

…w, the concepts we use to study historical texts cannot be separated from the material histories of how they were collected, remediated, and accessed. Nor can those material histories be separated from the social and schol- arly reorganization they occasion, and in which researchers continue to practi…

In various forms of “engaged presentism,” we can imbue the past with the present to learn something new about each. 3The lesson is not simply that what is new is old. Seen through anachronism or in novel genealogies, what’s new looks differ- ent, open to scrutiny and potentially to reform.

Nineteenth-century media offers a long history of imagining technological newness, its consequences for cultural production, and the shifting roles of its casual and professional interpreters.

A combination of factors made nineteenth-century printed materials amenable to digitize and assemble into searchable collections. First, these materials appear historically in a sweet spot between the stan- dardization of English language orthography and the moving wall of copyright restrictions.

If punch card computing projects were them- selves descendants of Jacquard looms and Babbage and Lovelace’s An- alytical Engine, so data-driven humanities research might owe much to the quantitative mindset and statistical records of the nineteenth century.